Customer Buying Habit A Supermarket Chain - 1217 Words

There are many transnational corporations that want to the open a store in China, but now, a British supermarket chain has a plan to the open a store in China. In addition, the essay will describe problems of company would face in China supermarket market. The first part will describe how some factor impact marking decision for the company, namely, customer buying habit, competitor information, culture and workforce. In the second part, the essay will evaluate what is a main problem of the company. Thirdly, it gives some recommendation for company that to avoid some problems. Finally, the essay will hope it through these information that to choice better opportunities and place to enter the Chinese market. The customer buying habit has a considerable influence for British supermarket chain which is plan open a store in China, it is also impacted by social factors, such as the group to which the customer belongs and social status. After that, the customer buying habits have identifi ed typical patterns of consumers and will guide marketing decisions ï ¼Ë†Kim, 2016ï ¼â€°. Another factor is cultural shifts which might view to new products that might be wanted by customer or to raise demand. For example, the British supermarket chain, want open a store in China, which is might the company would face problems. the company did not understand customer buying habit which is cause not quick take up share of supermarket market, for example, when customer want to buy some daily necessities,Show MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Tesco 1626 Words   |  7 Pagesbiggest retailers, and it is primarily based in the UK and has branched to over 14 countries around the world. They prioriKze their grocery chains, but have ventured out and decided to expand their business by offering consumers a wide variety of different products. Tesco was doing great, their market share skyrocketed and they were dominaKng other leading supermarkets, but it wasn’t all good for Tesco, in 2013 they experienced a big drop in profits and had to basically exit the US market. Also, theirRead MoreOperations Management and Supply Chain Management1248 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: How does Operations and Supply Chain Mgmt enhance company profitability? 1. Content 2. Charts and Graphs 3. Evidence to support your position 4. Examples that highlight your conclusion Table of Contents: I. Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 II. Operations Management and Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 III. Supply Chain Management and Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 IV. Examples/Case Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreBusiness1024 Words   |  5 Pagesis a supermarket with 84% of group sales being in food and liquor. This outline focuses on the supermarket and food retailing operations of this company. Woolworths quickly established itself as one of the major players in the supermarket industry and has been rated as Australia’s premier retailer . Woolworths has annual sales of almost $45 billion and continues to expand and lift profitability despite significant competition and daily challenges. Woolworths’ core business focus is on customers, andRead More3.1 Status Of The Retail Market In Bangladesh . Retail984 Words   |  4 PagesBangladesh’s GDP in F Y 2010/11. Retail and wholesale growth averaged over 7 percent in the last decade (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011). Types of Retail Shops Retail shops in Bangladesh range from open-air temporary shops to well-equipped modern Supermarkets. The following classifications may be applied: 1. Open-Air Temporary Shops: These shops are the most traditional type of retail shops in Bangladesh, and they are visible both in rural and urban areas throughout the country. Primary commoditiesRead MoreSupermarket Power1175 Words   |  5 PagesTHE NATURE OF SUPERMARKET POWER ON THE HIGH STREET AND BEYOND INTRODUCTION In this essay I will be outlining the nature of supermarket power and how it affects competing retailers and the impact this has on us as consumers. I will do this by drawing heavily on the learning materials provided to underpin the factors involved. WHAT IS SUPERMARKET POWER? It is useful to describe what is meant by the term supermarket power. In the last twenty years, supermarkets have played a pivotal role in redefiningRead MoreThe Marketing Mix Of Iga1404 Words   |  6 Pagesmarketing strategy. Traditionally, the Marketing Mix has four considerations known as the 4P s — Product, Price, Place and Promotion. 1. Product The organization creates the products that its intended customers want to buy and define and improve the characteristics of products or service that meet its customers expectations, not only now but in the future. 2. Price A successful company would put its products at a competitive price but this doesn’t mean it has to be the cheapest in the market – supplyingRead MoreEvaluating Sainsbury s Resources And Capabilities Also For The Future Movement1725 Words   |  7 PagesStrength-The main strength of Sainsbury is that they are the oldest existing supermarket chain in the UK. Hence, the brand name of Sainsbury is widely recognized and building a loyal customer base in their region. Outstanding quality and competitive price for products are unique resources that other competitors could not imitate. Weakness-Despite, their efforts of transferring 64 expatriates as to launch the supermarket business in Egypt, human resource management resulted in high cost with lowRead Moreâ€Å"Consumer Society Gives People Choice.† Discuss This Claim. Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pagestheories and concepts raised by social scientists such as Zygmunt Bauman, Thorstein Veblen and Warren Susman. It will use these theories to evaluate the real choices offered by supermarkets, which play a major role in modern day consumption. For many, consuming is not only about essential purchases to live, but also buying into a favoured lifestyle and gaining a desired social kudos with an ability to consume. Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of seduced and repressed consumers illustrates inequalities andRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of The Uk Retail Food Sector1621 Words   |  7 PagesAs pinpointed by the BBC (2013), ‘more than half of UK consumers changed their shopping habits as a result of the horsemeat scandal.’ The majority of consumers bought their meat from local butcheries and farms for transparency and sustainability purposes. In response food chains had to come up with decisive reformative measures to rebuild customer trust and regain their loyalty due to a change in buying habits. Retailers are now more concerned with showing their business integrity and values to consumersRead MoreConduct A Porter s Five Force Analysis772 Words   |  4 Pages#1: Conduct a Porter s Five force analys is. (Show your work.) The case is about Loblaw companies Inc., a highly successful grocery chain in Canada. Loblaw is Canada’s largest food distributor. The major issue is the emergence of Wal-Mart, who is looking to pursue expanding their grocery line chain in the Canadian market. According to Yunna (2014), porter’s five forces model has been widely applied to analyze industry competition in various markets. Using Porter’s 5 Forces to analysis the

Mechanisms For Risk Management And Control - 1671 Words

Imagine if an agency was able to actually ensure that its officers were safely responding to calls for service, communicating with the public in a courteous manner, and enforcing the law without violating the rights of the citizens they are sworn to protect. The thought of providing this type of oversight and close supervision seems nearly impossible—there are far too many officers and far too few supervisors who already have a myriad of tasks. However, while this might first appear as an exercise in wish fulfillment, the solution lies in a tool that most agencies are already utilizing: the body-worn camera (BWC). As more and more law enforcement agencies purchase BWCs in response to the public’s demand for transparency in police†¦show more content†¦Ask the question, â€Å"Where is the agency bleeding?† If an agency has experienced negative media attention or civil litigation as a result of poor officer performance, this model will help leaders discover which incidents create the greatest opportunity for the negative results they are trying to mitigate. Vehicular pursuits, arrests involving the use of force, and confrontations with combative subjects during mental health–related calls are the most prominent areas where law enforcement agencies have experienced loss. The agency’s first step toward employing BWCs for risk management involves identifying the incident types that have been most problematic for the agency. Review the agency’s loss data to determine what types of incidents historically have had the greatest negative affect on officer safet y and civil liability. Once this high-risk critical incident list is generated, agency leaders should require selected supervisory personnel to conduct a mandatory review of all incidents that fall under these categories. Step 2. Deconstruction and Key Performance Indicators The next step in developing a holistic risk management program using BWC video as core content involves deconstruction. Deconstruction is the process of separating a complex system into the smallest subsystems possible to better understand theShow MoreRelatedRogue Trader1525 Words   |  7 Pagesunauthorized and risky in terms that the risk limit of loss is violated and the bank, has to pay margin money on a continuous basis to make up for the loss involved. Moreover the negligence of the Barings Bank management and huge dependence on Leeson caused the bank a huge loss of $1.7 billion (Krawiec, 23-26; Rogue Trader). Evaluation of Barings’ internal control mechanism Internal Control mechanism of Barings’  bank and its tone at the top: The internal control mechanism of the Barings  bank was completelyRead MoreControl Mechanisms: The Walt Disney Company: Team project1358 Words   |  6 PagesControl Mechanisms: The Walt Disney Company Introduction Organizations use control mechanisms to help regulate guidelines and procedures which contribute toward effectively achieving organizational goals. The Walt Disney Company is a well known entertainment organization that has become tremendously successful both nationally and internationally over the past 70 years or so partly through successful implementation of control mechanisms throughout every aspect of the organization. The purpose of thisRead MoreThe Ethics And Ethics, Prevention And Protection1459 Words   |  6 Pagesprotection, security issues and controlling the risk associated with the programs. 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(2005) illustrates an example: A developer sends some core files with the source code to his own mailbox on the Yahoo server in order to work at home. This kind of security breach is likely to ruin the contract. Controls and Reasons

Tikopia of Melanesia free essay sample

Tikopia of Melanesia Barbara Pritchard Anthropology 101 Instructor Tawny Townsend June 27, 2011 Tikopia of Melanesia Tikopia of Melanesia has been through many different changes in their society. Agriculture also known as agricultural states is their primary mode of subsistence; you may also call them emerging agriculturalists. The island of Tikopia is lead by chiefs which are their traditional ritual leaders. â€Å"Chiefs are the economic focus in the Tikopian society†, (Nowak Laird, 2010).Another name for Tikopians village or community would be chiefdom. In this paper you will read about how, Tikopia of Melanesia is different in their subsistence practices, social change, political organizations, and beliefs and values. Subsistence Practices Tikopia practices a precise method of agriculture. Tikopians search for clear forests and dried swamps, which provide them with irrigated land, access to markets, and trade routes. The empty land allows control over resources. Technology also plays a part in their subsistence practices. Technology may include intensive agriculture (for example, irrigation, terraces, and flood control) and trade infrastructure such as ships, ports, bridges, and roads. In addition, there may be ownership of technology, allowing for control over production and distribution†, (Nowak Laird, 2010, p. 146). Men mainly do the hard work, cleaning forests, building fences, and planting; the women do the gardening, take care of the children, and prepare food. The women and men both play major roles in their subsistence practices. They use balanced reciprocal exchange and redistribution to transport goods and services. Balanced reciprocal exchange is exchange with an agreement with a return of an equivalent item or an item with a greater value. â€Å"Redistribution is tribute, or the products of families’ or individuals’ labor, is collected in a central location and then sorted, counted, and either stored or given away to producers and non producers†, (Nowak Laird, 2010, p. 149). The men build canoes in order to transport their goods and services.While agriculture is the subsistence base for chiefdoms as well as agricultural states, â€Å"clan chiefs are the traditional political and ritual leaders of the â€Å"clan†; they hypothetically own all the land, are key figures in production and distribution, and major agents of social control because as a result of missionary activities, the Tikopians have become Christianized, and ritual advisors are no longer import,† (Firth 197 0). The way they survive their mode of subsistence, has an impact on their social change as well. Social Change The change occurred slowly, but the Christian missionaries transformed the local population throughout Melanesia to Christianity. Over the next thirty years, all of the chiefs in Tikopia and their follower’s had been converted to Christianity; which changed the Tikopians culture forever. This conversion leads to hostility between the Christians and the traditional communities. The conversion to Christianity has changed a lot of things in the Chiefdom communities.In Tahiti, for example, they have had to change the way they know to live in order to make it with a new religion. The change has made their cultural values decease. The coming of Christianity has also changed their beliefs. It took away their dance, music, temples, wood carvings, and more. Not everyone has been able to accept the coming of Christianity into their culture which causes conflict among the people. I am using the etic perspective because I am on the outside looking in. I will never know what exactly goes on.I only know what I read about. In order to know what really goes on, I would have to experience what they have experienced. I could use the emic perspective about how the changing from their original beliefs has affected their lives. I know that any major changes of any sort can be hard to adjust to, especially when you are used to doing things in a traditional or standard manor. Tikopia is considered a ranked society; which means, they are found in environments with many resources’. The chiefs in Tikopians society are known as the economic focus.The chiefs are the owners of the land, making sure that the commoner family groups have equal access to the land for cultivation. The distribution of land is reasonably divided by each family group chief. The land is divided into orchards for growing bananas, coconuts and yam gardens. The crops can only be access through shared agreement by the individual families. â€Å"Typically chiefs hold more land than commoners but the chiefs land is necessary in order for him to fulfill his ritual responsibilities,† (Nowak Laird, 2010). Political OrganizationsThe Chiefdoms have full time and permanent political positions to oversee the regions they govern. A chief is born into his position that is said to be reinforced by supernatural power. Being a chief is said to be sent from the gods; which, provides them with supernatural power of authority over their regions. A chief is â€Å"full time and permanent, outlasting the lifespan of the office holder,† (Nowak Laird, 2010, P. 14, Para. 1). Upon the death or retirement of a chief the office must be filled by his son or next in line for the position.The higher ranking chiefs have control over lesser ranking individuals of who controls a particular territory of a social unit. Although, lesser chiefs collect from those below them each small village has a leader or chief who is akin to and submissive to the head chief in the central community. â€Å"Chiefdoms can vary in their political complexity, some have only one level of political hierarchy; while others have two or even three tiers,† (Nowak Laird, 2010, P. 14, Para. 3). When a paramount chief dies in Tikopia an election is held among the lesser chiefs to replace him. Occasionally, Tikopia chiefs held total power in boundary over their people, particularly over their own clan members, though this power could be adapted by conventional methods of constraining a chief to respond to public opinion. Chiefs were and still are sacred and treated with great respect. Previously, chiefly families tended to form an intermarrying class, but nowadays unions between commoners and the children of chiefs are frequent. Beliefs and Values The original Tikopia religious system was oriented around rituals for various ancestors and gods.With the aim of obtaining such ends as favorable weather, crop productivity, success in fishing, and the curing of illness. Each chief has two sets of advisors, one for each ritual and spiritual affairs. For example, ancestors in genealogical rank-order may be among chiefdom’s supernatural beings, reflecting the social order. They believe that the material and spiritual world cannot be separated. Their religious views are repeated and based on â€Å"seasonal patterns of nature, and they believe that the natural order is impossible to tell apart from the moral and spiritual order,† (Nowak Laird, 2010, P. 1, Para. 1). Tikopia believe in spirit beings such as: ancestors, gods, and spirit powers that had took over human form. Tikopia community, led by their chiefs joined the church, thus drastically changing ceremonies and practitioners. Ceremonies being a major spirit being were worshipped in complex rites, with offerings of food and bark cloth. These ceremonies were performed in which canoes, crops, temples, and people were rededicated to gods and ancestors for protection and wealth. â€Å"Tikopia worked out an accommodation of Christianity that ultimately preserved many of their traditional practices.In some other Pacific Islands, Christian missionaries introduced the idea of competitive giving of money to the church and required members to wear Western-style clothing, practices that required the indigenous people not only to change their spiritual belief systems, but also required them to earn money and enter into nontraditional exchange relationships,† (Macdonald 113-7) Tikopians have become Christianized, and ritual advisors are no longer important. Although, the clans are hierarchically ranked, the chief of the highest ranked clan should be considered as first among equals, rather than as a true paramount chief.The original Tikopia religious system was oriented around rituals for various ancestors and gods, wit h the aim of obtaining such ends as favorable weather, crop productivity, success in fishing, and the curing of illness, and each chief has two sets of advisors, one for each ritual and spiritual affairs. Conclusion Even though, the clans were hierarchically ranked, the chief of the highest ranked clan should be considered as first among equals, rather than as a true paramount chief. Tikopia is lead by higher ranking chiefs, which has control over lesser ranking chiefs that control a particular territory.

The Fairlytale of Shrek Essay Example For Students

The Fairlytale of Shrek Essay As a child, I grew up spending countless hours watching fairy tales and dreaming that one-day I would become a princess. Todays modern day fairy tales have changed compared to the classic day fairy tales. That is why one can argue as to whether Shrek falls under the category of a fairy tale or is it just a parody of the popular classic fairy tale. It is my opinion that Shrek is a fairy tale that can be enjoyed by both children and adults. Most fairy tales follow a formula for their storyline, which is a sweet and poor, usually orphaned, young girl who meets a handsome young man who at some point turns out to be a prince. We will write a custom essay on The Fairlytale of Shrek specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In Shrek, the storyline varies in that Shrek is an ogre, who sets off to rescue Princess Fiona as part of a bargaining trade with Lord Farquaad to get rid of the fairy tale creatures that have taken over his swamp. This is where Shrek (the movie) makes fun of most of the popular fairy tale characters. Shrek does have a heart of gold, but he does not have the typical sweet personality of most fairy tale characters. At the end of the story the princess does fall in love with him, but unlike Beauty and the Beast, where the beast turns into a prince, Fiona actually turns into an ogre. Although Shrek isnt the typical fairy tale, as it deconstructs and reconstructs the genre, brings about a complexity new re-interpretation of this kind of films,? it does fit into the genre of a fairy tale (Perez). For a story to be classified as a fairy tale it needs to have some of the following characteristics: contain some characters who are either all good or all bad, often include a task that, if completed, brings a reward, often include a magic object  ¦often begin with Once upon a time ? and end with Happily ever after? (Bosma). Shrek does follow many of the fairy tale guidelines. Shrek is one of the good characters along with his talking donkey friend. As for some of the bad characters would be Lord Farquaad and the fairy godmother. Another element of a fairy tale takes place when Fiona had a spell that was cast upon her turning her into an ogre at night. However, the beautiful Princess Fiona is not your typical fairy tale princess, because while she does get Shrek to help rescue her, etc, she also demonstrates the ability of being able to defend herself when they get ambushed in the forest by Robin Hood and his merry men. Shrek also parodies the sentimental moments of most fairy tales. For example, when Snow White runs away from her castle, she befriends numerous amounts of forest animals. In the movie, Shrek, when Fiona sets out to find something to eat for breakfast, she encounters a bird and they both start to sing along; however, due to Fionas high pitch voice the little bird blows up. The previous examples from the film are used to create comic relief in the movie so that parents and children will get a good laugh instead of leaving the cinema with a tissue in hand. There are many comparisons that show how the characteristics in Shrek match the characteristics of what defines a fairy tale. From magic, to good and bad characters, and a task that brings reward, Shrek has it all. When the Grimm Brothers and other writers of fairy tales wrote their books, they would limit themselves to writing about the era in which the story unfolded and there were no Cinderella part II nor III (Brothers Grimm?). This is not the case with Shrek, which has gone on to have four parts. In Shrek part II, Shrek is faced with meeting his in-laws, and automatically meeting with the discontent of his father-in-law. Fiona gets very upset by this and gets visited by her fair godmother who claims that she is going to help her. .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd , .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd .postImageUrl , .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd , .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd:hover , .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd:visited , .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd:active { border:0!important; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd:active , .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47e718afe537c25f049fadfb0c0638fd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Characters in 10 Things I Hate About You EssayMost fairy tales with fairy in it are usually depicted as sweet, chubby little old ladies that are there to help out the damsel in distress. Fionas fairy godmother turns to out to be the villain of the story, because instead of wanting to help Fiona with her relationship with Shrek, she actually wants to ruin it so that Fiona can leave Shrek and marry her son, prince charming, who is just as mean-spirited as his mom, the fairy godmother. In Shrek parts I-IV there are comments made that relate to todays society, just to inject some humor in the story line and to leave us talking about the movie. For instance the fairy godmother, as mad as she is at King Harold, she stops at a fast food place to pick up some food and implies that her diet is ruined, and while ordering the food she also gets her son prince charming a happy meal along with the toy that comes with a happy meal. There are also more modern day characters in this film with the bartender being a crossdresser. According to one Shrek critic, This is the new world of fairy tales: parodied, ironized, meta-fictionalized pop-culture saturated? (Is Shrek Bad for Kids?). When Shrek gets captured by the police, the incident is being shown on TV, sort of in a COPS type of program, therefore the story has a mixture of old era versus new age technology and characters. One of my favorite parts in Shrek II is when they are having the ball to celebrate Shrek and Fionas marriage, and they are treating the event as your typical Hollywood red carpet award ceremony, which even include a commentator such as Joan Rivers commenting of the guest arriving at the party. Shrek is taking the role of the more modern day fairy tale suitable for both parents and kids to enjoy together. Most of the fairy tales from the 1800s finished with the prince and princess getting married and living happily ever after (Brothers Grimm ?). Since there is up to a part IV of Shrek to follow the original one, we can actually see Shrek and Fionas love evolve, they become parents, which like I stated above in most of the original fairy tales the heroine of the story winding up pregnant was never seldom the case, as the story usually wound up with the princess marrying her prince charming and the reader/viewer assuming that they lived happily ever after. Whether Shrek is considered something other than a fairy tale to some people, one thing that it does have in common with all of the fairy tales, is that his loyalty to Fiona is unbreakable. Despite all of the obstacles put in their way by those who want the relationship to fail, Shrek and Fiona overcome all of this adversity having their love triumph over all of it. One common denominator that Shrek has with all other fairly tales of the past is that he is willing to fight for his beloved Fiona and they live happily ever after ? with his beautiful ogre of a wife Fiona and their triplet little ogre children. One thing it does not have in common though is that Shrek sends the message that not everything comes easy in life. Shrek portrays a message that girls need more independence in life and they should not to leave their dreams up to their prince charming to accomplish.

In my mind justice is a very abstract concept

In my mind justice is a very abstract concept. Although it seems like everyone knows the meaning of the word many people view justice differently. If you would ask people what they associate the word justice with, you would hear many opinions. To me it means fairness, accountability, equality, punishment, following the letter of the law, and these are the words that came to my mind on the spot, but the list sure doesnt end here. What may seem just to one person may be considered totally unjust to someone else; we are faced with this reality very often. It could be a minor issue, which affects only few individuals, such as debating if a grade your professor gave you on an exam is a fair evaluation of your knowledge of the material. On a greater level, it could be an issue such as capital punishment. Those who support death sentence say that some criminals should be punished by death for crimes that they commit. Those with the opposing view, ask if its just to have the! power to take a persons life, no matter what crime they are guilty of committing. As Walzer states: Justice is a human construction, and it is doubtful that it can be made in only one way... In his discussion on distributive justice Walzer talks about distribution of goods in a society and power struggles that are constant in societies with where goods can be limited. According to him monopoly arises from lack of a valuable good in a society, the limited amount of that good automatically gives power to those individuals who poses it, creating inequality. He goes on explaining the theory of simple equality where government constantly limits the power of those with possession of the rare goods, but soon the government itself becomes the greater power which controls all other goods. He states that: Politics is always the most direct path to dominance, and political power...is probably the most important and certainly m

Free Essays on Hatchet

Brian Robeson, a 13-years old boy, is in an airplane on the way to his father. His parents have split up, and in the summer he will live by his father. His father works at the oilfields in Canada. The pilot of the airplane says not much but he smells very at sweat. Than the pilot have a heart attack, and die. Brian tried to call for help with the radio, but it didn’t work. He takes the headphone and the microphone of the pilot’s head and says that he is alone in an airplane and that the pilot has died. Someone hearts him but the radio falls out. Brian flights farther with the plane. When the pilot lived he told him how easy it is to fly. Then he sees that there isn’t more petrol. He decides to make an emergency landing in a lake. He escapes from the airplane and swim ashore. He falls asleep and after a many of hours he wakes up. He lies down near the lake. Millions of mosquitoes attack him. Then he falls asleep again and when he wakes up he is very thirsty. He dr inks of the lake, but he don’t know of the water drinkable is. The only thing he has to survive is a hatchet. He gets it from his mother when he goes away. Then he tries to find some food. He follows some birds and saw that they were eating berries. He eats so much as he can and go back to his shelter. At night, when he sleeps he wakes up. He has a stomach-ache, the berries aren’t edible. He threw up and has diarrhea. Next day he find a kind of a little cave. This cave reconstructs he to a good shelter. Then he find some edible food. Strawberry’s. When he picks some strawberry’s there comes a beer. The beer does nothing to him and he is unhurt. That night a hedgehog pricks him. In his reaction he throw his hatchet to the hedgehog, but it mist. Then he saw the sparks who come from the hatchet. That night he has a dream about his father who says him that he with his hatchet can make fire. He makes the fire with small twigs, grass, a twenty-dollar bill and a ll other k... Free Essays on Hatchet Free Essays on Hatchet Theme: The theme of the story Hatchet is determination, perseverance and survival. Brian Robeson, whose parents are divorced, flies to visit his father in Canadian forest. His pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian managed to crash land the plane in a lake, and escape merly dazed. Now comes the hard part, surviving in the forest until rescued. the only thing he has is a hatchet that his mother had given him as a present. Summary: The plane ride to see his father in the Canadian forest is Brians first time in an airplane. He tells this to the pilot and tells him that he is scared. The pilot feels sorry for Brian and then showsw him that flying is not hard at all. He lets Brian take the wh7eel and controlof the flight for awhile. Just when Brian thinks that everything is going well, the pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian knows he must land the plane himself or die. He tries to use the radio but it doesn't work. He knows that if he hits the trees, he can die, so he decides to land in the water of a lake. After crash landing in the water, he gets out through a window. He lay on the bank of the lake for a while to rest. Brian knew he needed food and shelter to survive so he set out to find them. He was very careful not to get lost or go too far from the lake where his water was. He found a cherry tree and because of how hungry he was, he ate all he could. He filled his windbreaker with cherries to e at later and then managed to find a cave for shelter. He slept very well, but in the morning when he awoke, he saw a bear in the cave. He was terrified, because the bear was only about 20 feet away eating his cherries out of his windbreaker. The bear only looked at Brian and then left. The cherries must have been enough to fill his appetite! He figured out how make a fire, which was very important to his survival. He needed to have one at the opening of the cave to protect him from wild animals, and to signal for help. He discovered it... Free Essays on Hatchet Brian Robeson, a 13-years old boy, is in an airplane on the way to his father. His parents have split up, and in the summer he will live by his father. His father works at the oilfields in Canada. The pilot of the airplane says not much but he smells very at sweat. Than the pilot have a heart attack, and die. Brian tried to call for help with the radio, but it didn’t work. He takes the headphone and the microphone of the pilot’s head and says that he is alone in an airplane and that the pilot has died. Someone hearts him but the radio falls out. Brian flights farther with the plane. When the pilot lived he told him how easy it is to fly. Then he sees that there isn’t more petrol. He decides to make an emergency landing in a lake. He escapes from the airplane and swim ashore. He falls asleep and after a many of hours he wakes up. He lies down near the lake. Millions of mosquitoes attack him. Then he falls asleep again and when he wakes up he is very thirsty. He dr inks of the lake, but he don’t know of the water drinkable is. The only thing he has to survive is a hatchet. He gets it from his mother when he goes away. Then he tries to find some food. He follows some birds and saw that they were eating berries. He eats so much as he can and go back to his shelter. At night, when he sleeps he wakes up. He has a stomach-ache, the berries aren’t edible. He threw up and has diarrhea. Next day he find a kind of a little cave. This cave reconstructs he to a good shelter. Then he find some edible food. Strawberry’s. When he picks some strawberry’s there comes a beer. The beer does nothing to him and he is unhurt. That night a hedgehog pricks him. In his reaction he throw his hatchet to the hedgehog, but it mist. Then he saw the sparks who come from the hatchet. That night he has a dream about his father who says him that he with his hatchet can make fire. He makes the fire with small twigs, grass, a twenty-dollar bill and a ll other k...

Capturing memorable moments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capturing memorable moments - Essay Example To my mind, this is due to the fact that while prose presents images and information through the medium of the authors words, photography narrows the distance between the viewer and the object. In this way, the messages and images which a photo contains appear to be more vivid and articulate. Apart from that, the power of an image also lies in the possibility to grasp all its details immediately and see a picture as a whole. In contrast, the nature of the prose requires the details to be uncovered slowly, sentence by sentence. Obviously, this also can be a powerful tool to deliver the general message, however, as for me, this way is less successful in focusing solely on a situation and on the personal emotions which they call, rather than view the situations through the lens of an author. In a sum, although, each of the given works by Nachwey represent a vivid picture and is likely to produce strong emotional response from the audience, I found â€Å"Crushing Car† more articulate. The author managed to capture the moment that reflects the horror and tragedy of the event. As a result, this still image calls the full range of emotions that cannot leave one ignorant. The essay by Nachtwey raises important questions that reinforce the power of the still image and the power of seeing events rather than listening of imagining them. Visible suffering is to the great extend more striking and is likely to leave a long lasting effect on a person than invisible. In this context, I would argue that vision of the suffering is more powerful than hearing about it or imaging, because the first relates to personal and real experience of a person while the second and the third is about assuming how something occurred. Furthermore, I doubt that in the process of imagining a situation a person can, in fact, restore the horror that occurred in full. A simple example: everyone hears about the realities of

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Business Environment - Essay Example According to Mishra (2011), it had market capitalization of about $220 billion as of spring 2010. It has implemented a multi-million dollar marketing campaign by slogan â€Å"Think Different† so that it can fulfil its objective of being the number one alternative for the customers of mobile device and computer industries. It has been stated by Schipanova (2008) that the main goal of the corporation is to differentiate its products from the competitors such as Dell, Microsoft, HP, Toshiba and others by offering its customers highly innovative and unique options. It aims to capture the leading position both in mobile device and PC industries by developing products with latest technology. In order to make sure that it is able to compete effectively, it has heavily invested in its Research and Development department and facilities so all offerings are free from any defects. One of the top-ranked companies in the technology sector is Elektron Technology UK Limited that is a subsidiary of Elektron Technology PLC that has been present in the market for many years. It has been offering top quality solutions to its customers by offering them instant solutions for monitoring and control, instrumentation and connectivity. The leading brands of the company are Sifam, Arcolectric, Carnation Designs, Bulgin, Queensgate and Digitron. The mission of the company is to provide superior quality components for electromechanical along with instrumentation products that have been developed with the latest technology without causing any damage to the environment. In order to achieve its desired mission, the main objective of the company is to constantly introduce new and innovative solutions to the customers so that they are able to meet the technological needs in the best possible way (Elektron Technology, 2012). From the analysis of mission and goals of both companies, it is

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example for Free

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson tells such a story: There is an ancient traditional annual event held in a small town in America. Anyone who wins the â€Å"lottery† will be stoned to death for harvest. Tessie is the new unluckier this time, who has to suffer this cruel and inhumane punishment. Seen deeply, females’ inferior position is showed elaborately in this novel. First, the appellation to females shows that they are in subordination to males. â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square† (Jackson, 2), â€Å"she said to Mrs.   Delacroix† (Jackson, 2), â€Å"Mrs. Dunbar said regretfully† (Jackson, 3). Here â€Å"Mrs. Delacroix†, â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson† and â€Å"Mrs. Dunbar† all suggest that one female cannot be an individual being after her marriage, since she has to be a part of her husband by calling her â€Å"Mrs†. When Tessie comes lately, the villager’s addresses that â€Å"Here comes your Missus, Hutchinson† (Jackson, 2) instead of calling her own name also shows that she has become a subordinate object for her husband. Just like Lakoff says in his book Language and Womans Place, â€Å"It is with Mrs, Miss, and Mr.  Since a significant part of the opinion one normally forms about a womans character and social station depends on her marital status as is not the case with men† (Lakoff, 73). This phenomenon is common all over the world. Why don’t males change their appellations like female do? Actually, the marriage cannot change anything but the couple’s new relationship and family lifestyle. So does a female have to compromise to become her husband’s stooge? Perhaps only when she makes accomplishment can she be introduced as an independent individual. Those who are satisfied with their status quo are likely to accept the new subsidiary address. Thus, females’ subordinated appellations gradually become accustomed. Second, the role of being a housewife unconsciously influences a female’s equal right to fulfill her own accomplishment. In the novel, â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her sweater thrown over her shoulders†¦ â€Å"Clean forgot what day it was,† she said to Mrs. Delacroix†¦She dried her hands on her apron†¦Wouldnt have me leave mdishes in the sink, now, would you, Joe? † (Jackson, 3) Tessie’s words and the act of â€Å"drying her hands on her apron† suggest the female’s low social position at that time. Obviously, if she does not â€Å"win the lottery†, her next work is to rush home and serve meals for the family, since the traditional allocation of family roles has subsided into an established social norm: once a woman is married, she will give up her career and play the role of a housewife, heart and soul. So how can a female have more time to do something more prominent fulfillment since she has been limited into such situation? It’s no wonder that females do not share the equal position to do something more meaningful to some extent. Just like Journalist Ruth Franklin subtitled her 2010 piece in The New Republic: â€Å"On Shirley Jackson and the challenge of being both a mother and a writer† (p. 1). She says, â€Å"In the 1950s, just as much as now, women can only write when the baby naps, or while the children are at school, or after the dishes are done and the lunches are packed and the house is, at last, quiet. This sort of logistics has always worked with efficiency, once the woman understands that no matter how smoothly the thoughts are flowing, they will have to stop when the school bus comes. It works as a resignation to frustration† (FRANKLIN, 2010). It’s easy to perceive that Shirley Jackson’s writing career is somewhat influenced demonstrably because of her female identity. Being both as a mother and a wife, she has to regard her career—writing as the secondary mission to the family. The embarrassing situation she faced is linked with any females at that time. Thus, the role of being a housewife unconsciously influences a female’s equal right to fulfill her own accomplishment. Third, females don’t have the power to make decisions. As it is showed in the novel, males govern all the affairs, â€Å"The lottery was conducted by Mr. Summers; The postmaster, Mr. Graves carried a three- legged stool; Mr. Martin†¦ came forward to hold the box steady on the stool† (Jackson, 1). Three most powerful men dominate the whole village politically and financially. â€Å"There were the lists to make up of heads of families, heads of households in each family† (Jackson 2), which suggests the male’s dominant position in a family. Moreover, â€Å"Dunbar’s wife substituted him to draw the lottery because he had broken his leg, but Mr.  Summers asked whether she had a grown boy to do it† (Jackson, 2) also shows that the unusuality of a female to do such an essencial and decisive thing. In the end, Tessie’s death is another evidence to show that female is not only inferior, but a victim in that lamentable social circumstance. Having no rights to make decisions, females doom to be decided instead of deciding. Thus, the female’s inferior position has formed. In a world, females’ inferior position is shown elaborately in The Lottery. Their appellations, their family division of the labor and their no power to make decisions all display the inferior position of females.

Stress Reduction: Meditation, Medication, And Relaxation

Stress Reduction: Meditation, Medication, And Relaxation This research highlights the effects of stress at work place, and on personal healthy. There are three indicators for stress they are; emotional, and physical. Stress in general is not hazardous, but if it continues for a long time it become chronic, and may affect persons life. Therefore I am going to present three ways to cope with stress they are: medication, meditation, and relaxation. Meditation and relaxation are two safe ways unlike medication which contain some kind of drugs and it have many side effects. Finally I will give some hints to reduce stress at work socially. Stress isnt illness but theres quite a bit of evidence that it increases the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and mental health problems. So people can become ill because of chronic stress (Barber, 2008). Stress hormones constrict blood vessels, speed up the heartbeat, and make the heart and blood vessels especially reactive to further stress.(Harvard letter) -(www.health.harvard.edu). Work is the most important factor in peoples life, it affects on their whole life. In work place, every employer or employee try to do the best, therefore employers tend to challenge each other which can be a source of stress. This source is known as the interaction between individuals and any source of demand (stressor). (Bonita, 1995). The United Nations World Labor Report attributes the source of stress to work places that can increase stress levels and they are: long work hours; role conflict; physical hazard exposures; and interpersonal conflicts with coworkers or supervisors. (Bonita, 1995).Consequently stress causes healthy problems and social conflicts. Therefore medication, meditation, relaxation, and job management are powerful ways to over come stress. Signs and symptoms: They are divided into two categories emotional, and physical. Emotional: Feeling irritable, feeling frustrated at having to wait for something, feeling restless, unable to concentrate, Becoming easily confused, Having memory problems, Thinking about negative things all the time, Negative self-talk, Having marked mood swings, Eating too much, Eating when you are not hungry, Finding it difficult to concentrate, Not having enough energy to get things done, Feeling you cant cope, Finding it hard to make decisions, Having emotional outbursts, Generally feeling upset, and Lack of sense of humor.( www.changingminds.org) Physical: Muscle tension, low back pain, pains in shoulders or neck, pains in chest, stomach/abdominal pain, muscle spasms or nervous tics, unexplained rashes or skin irritations, Pounding or racing heart, sweaty palms, sweating when not physically active, Butterflies in stomach, indigestion and the gurgles, diarrhea, unable to sleep or excessive sleep, shortness of breath, and holding breath. (www.changingminds.org) Medication: Before beginning with types of medicines, brain is related or affected by hormones and these hormones are responsible for feeling and behavior. There are as many as systems that control function of the body and the brain, they are affected by many factors, especially stress. Medicines balance the release of hormones, which decrease stress. There is no one specific family of medicines that is used to decrease stress. Physicians prescribe a range of medications to set specific stress-related symptoms. For example, Sedatives and Antidepressants they use to help people to cope with stress. The role of Sedatives is to decrease the activity of the central nervous system, which makes persons feel more relaxed. This family contains the following types of medicines: Benzodiazepines which include alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), triazolam (Halcion), temazepam (Restoril), and chlordiazepoxide (Librium). These medicines acts on a naturally occurring neurotransmitter substance in the brain called GABA whose role is to slow down the activity of the brain. The side effect of these medicines in a higher dose can cause slurred speech, an impaired ability to walk around, poor judgment, and slowed reflexes. (www.mhmrtc.org) Antidepressant, their use is to treat depression. However they are used also used to treat stress symptoms. The family name of these medications is called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) they contain medicines such as Paxil, Prozac, and Lexapro. They directly affect on the primary cells in the brain whos called Neurons, they are connected to each other by a chemical messengers known as a neurotransmitters. The process of communication releases a neurotransmitter chemical into a space between neurons known as the synapse, where it makes contact with a receiving neuron and stimulates that neuron into action. Having completed its communication job, the Serotonin gets sucked back up by the sending neuron in a process called reuptake. When reuptake happens too quickly or efficiently the net effect is that not enough Serotonin is present to properly do its job, and mood regulation problems can result. They can cause nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, sleep disturbances, and a wi de range of sexual arousal and climax problems as side effects.(www.mhmrtc.org) Meditation: Meditation is an important example for relief of stress, and it had been used from hundred years ago. It is an effective way to cope with stress without taking medicine, and it is known as a self helping process. The example that I took is Yoga. Yoga is one of the oldest systems of health. The practice of Yoga is to normalize the production of thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is the master regular of all other glands, and as the glands are connected with stress and emotion the ability to increase or decrease thyroid activity can be an important self-help process. There have been more than a thousand studies since 1970s for Yoga. The studies have demonstrated that Yoga can bring that about stress and anxiety alleviation, blood and heart rate reduction, improved memory and intelligence, pain alleviation, and many other benefits. Relaxation: Stress management begins with identifying sources of stress. To identify your source of stress look at you habits, and your attitude. Try to answer these questions: What caused your stress- how you felt physically and emotionally- how do you act in response- what you did to make yourself feel better. Your goal is to change the situation or to change your reaction. If you canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t avoid a stressful situation, then try to face it. Express your feeling instead of bottling them up. Be willing to compromise, be more assertive, and manage your time better. These are healthy ways to relief form stress: Go for a walk, spend time in nature, call a good friend, take a long bath, listen to music, and you can watch a comedy film. For deep explanation, you should set aside relaxation time. This time you should set alone without any interruption from others, its your time to take a beak from every thing donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t remember any thing about the past nor things about your future. Second helpful thing that you should make connection with friends; spend time with good friends that may help you to over come your conflicts. Eating healthy food may also help, you can also avoid caffeine and sugar because they increase energy and affects you mood; cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs they relief you for a while, but the relief is not permanent. Do try to escape from your problems by these kinds of things, solve your problems with a clear mind. And finally sleeping probably, and getting enough time for sleep helps your mind to relax and recharge, because the more you are tired the more stress you will have. (www.helpguide.org) Stress management at work: Work is the most important factor in peoples life and it affects on their whole life, so every one try to do the best, employers tend to challenge each other which can be a source of stress. The United Nations World Labor Report writes about the factors that may increase stress level and they are: long work hours, role conflict, physical hazard exposures; and interpersonal conflicts with coworkers or supervisors. So the first thing you do is the job control. You are faced as many as status in your work place, bad dealing with employers, coworkers, and customers means bad situations which makes the feeling of stress more and more, so you must have the control on every single thing in your job. Their some strategies may help you to reduce work related stress given by Lazarus 1991 they are: First thing is to alter the working conditions so that they are less stressful or more conducive to effective coping. This strategy is most appropriate for large numbers of workers working under severe conditions. Examples include altering physical annoyances such as noise levels, or changing organizational decision-making processes to include employees. Second step is to help individuals adapt by teaching them better coping strategies for conditions that are impossible or difficult to change. A limitation to this strategy is that it is costly to deal with each individuals unique transaction with the environment. Intervention strategies could include individual counseling services for employees, Employee Assistance Programs, or specialized stress management programs, such as cognitive behavioral interventions. The third step is to identify the stressful relationship between the individual or group and the work setting. Intervention strategies might include changes in worker assignment to produce a better person-environment fit, or it could involve teaching coping strategies for individuals who share common coping deficits. (e.g., training in relaxation skills). (www.ericdigests.org) Deep breathing for stress relief: Sit comfortably with your back straight. Sit comfortably with your back straight. Put one hand on your chest and the other on your stomach. Breathe in through your nose. The hand on your stomach should rise. The hand on your chest should move very little. Exhale through your mouth, pushing out as much air as you can while contracting your abdominal muscles. The hand on your stomach should move in as you exhale, but your other hand should move very little. Continue to breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth. Try to inhale enough so that your lower abdomen rises and falls. Count slowly as you exhale. Muscle relaxation for stress relief: Loosen your clothing, take off your shoes, and get comfortable. Take a few minutes to relax, breathing in and out in slow, deep breaths. When youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re relaxed and ready to start, shift your attention to your right foot. Take a moment to focus on the way it feels. Slowly tense the muscles in your right foot, squeezing as tightly as you can. Hold for a count of 10. Relax your right foot. Focus on the tension flowing away and the way your foot feels as it becomes limp and loose. Stay in this relaxed state for a moment, breathing deeply and slowly. When youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re ready, shift your attention to your left foot. Follow the same sequence of muscle tension and release. Move slowly up through your body-legs, abdomen, back, neck, face. (www.helpguide.org) Conclusion: Depending on the research; first stress is not hazardous but it is in chronic stress. There are many ways to over come or to cope with stress. Self helping is the most important way to deal with stress. Also dealing with stressors at work place, and practicing relaxation technique is an important factor to decrease stress level, unlike taking medicines which have many side effects on body.

Gender Inequality in Education Essay

Gender Inequality is the unjust behaviour or insights of people on the basis of gender. In regards to education, we can then say, gender inequality in education is the discrimination of individuals based on gender in schools. When talking about this gender inequality it is quite obvious that the ones being discriminated are the females. Education is a fundamental right, which should not be restricted to a certain gender, every human being, male or female has a right to education. No matter the form of inequality it is bad for an economy and well-being. The impact is more severe if when it is viewed from the perspective of gender and even more detrimental when the resources allocated are unfair against women. A society that its hierarchal organisation have a habit of placing men in choice making positions and women demoted to economic work that seeks limited work and does not give them the satisfactory resources of means of support is a society that is put in danger. (Ijaiya & I.O.Bal ogun) This issue of gender inequality in education is far more prominent in less developed countries, plus Nigeria where quite a number of readings have shown that under the backings of religion and tradition the men discriminate against women hence divesting them access to skills and education for useful activities. (Ijaiya & I.O.Balogun) In general education is well-defined as a long life progression through which a person’s progress is smoothed so that he can be beneficial to his society and to himself. From this definition, my concern here is the western education because it the most important form of education in the world which is more prominent and its achievement, regardless of what level one has attained is seen to be very significant to the development of an economy, since it allows people accomplish new tasks and to assess and adjust to new jobs. Gender inequality in education affects a lot of things in countries, it affects economic growth as it brings down the level of human resources because when some of the population that could have  contributed to somethings are not educated, they do not amount to much in the society. There has been a lot of concerns with women when it comes to education and it is not a new thing. History of Gender Inequality in Education For some time now, there has been a change in gender success all through education; in the late 1980’s underachievement by girls was common; girls were less likely than boys to gain one or more A-levels and also not likely to go on to advanced education. In the 1990’s there was a quick reversal; girls started doing better than boys. In the year 2006 10% more females were gaining more A-levels than males. This gender diversion has been viewed from a social perspective. (Gender and Educational Attainment, 2014) In the 1990’s gender discrimination was still evident in the society though women were attaining greater success throughout work and education. The Education Reform Act of 1998 (important piece of education in Wales, Northern Island and England) which brought coursework helped girls as they tend to be generally more organised and care about the how their work looks than the males. Feminists consider that the purpose of education ought to be to benefit and advantage disadvantaged women. In a feminists view this is not wrong as what that is what they seek. The 1998 Education Reform Act indicates clearly that women are to be given more chance to attain education. Some girls were interviewed in the 1970’s and others were interviewed in the 1990’s, it was found that main concern had changed, it had changed from marriage and love in the 1970’s to careers and jobs in 1990’s. From this it is quite obvious there has been an increase in career ambitions. Two things could have influenced this, contemporary socialisation from media and parents or achievement from course works. (Gender and Educational Attainment, 2014) A conceptual Issue Wellbeing and Gender Inequality, according to the World Bank a key determinant of wellbeing in a country is the presence of a stable economy and its growth. Inequality is frequently referred to as lack of equivalence. One of the concerns of gender inequality when it comes to education is that it could pointer to a whole great deal of violence against women, which might make it hard for them to talk about issues of power. If this  inequality is such that leads women into having little access to education as well as limited skills for dynamic employment, it will have an effect on them when it comes to poverty of the present and also of that of the next generation. An illiterate woman with restricted access to income cannot take care of her children in regard to nutrition and health; and a woman with so much work and has no regular access to income might use their daughter’s labour for survival which might end up depriving them of a chance to gain education. (Sheehan, 2012) Effects It is also observed that gender inequality in education may weaken development goals. It may avert increase in child mortality and fertility and the increase of education on the next generation. There is absolutely no doubt that education has a main impact on economic growth, as the more educated people in a society, the better the economy of that society. Studies have conventionally used years spent in schooling as a variable to measure education. There is a strong proof that quality of education is more essential than the quantity of education. Gender inequality in education influences education indirectly, through dissimilar ways such as by dropping the fertility rate, growing life span of population and social unity. Gender inequality has a negative impact on the outcome of education, which will also have a negative impact on the economy’s growth. These can happen in so many ways. Girls who are schooling in a school where there is high inequality might end up believing the re will inequality in the society, which might hinder their opportunity for success in life. These would lead to decrease in their performance in school. Gender inequality does not only manifest itself in education but also in other areas, like, politics, education etc. (Sheehan, 2012) While numbers of children not in school has dropped, and number of girls not in school has declined from 58% to 54% in 2010, in some countries there has been limited progress in children getting into schools, many which are girls, and girls from poor households continue being one of the groups at jeopardy of never attending school. In 2006 in Pakistan, 60% of children not in school were girls while only 12% of poor Hausa girls in Nigeria went to school. The odds of getting to school are not in favour of girls from poor households. Girls’ enrolment in Yemen is vividly much lesser than boys and the same case goes for Pakistan when  attendance is the case analysed. (Engendering Empowerment: Education and Equality , 2010) It is seen also that gender is not regarded as a serious issue compared to poverty, some officials in the South African Education Department said: Gender is not a primary issue to them because they deal more with poverty, whether one is male or female poverty is still poverty, they get to deal with hunger and that does not discriminate. From what they can see, gender is not an issue. Poverty is an issue also but to think it is more important that gender inequality in education is totally wrong, from what I have said earlier, the more educated people the lesser the chances of poverty, so, a way to tackle poverty is to tackle gender inequality in education first. Another South African is worried that focusing on gender will distract from the poorest needs, saying that there is a risk involved with having too much emphasis on gender issues, saying that it is an issue that would be taken well in resourced areas rather than areas with the majority being the poor. (Engendering Empowerment: Education and Equality , 2010) In conclusion, what this paper is saying is, Gender Inequality in Education is an ongoing issue that is declining but not going away anytime soon. It is a problem that comes with its own problems, meaning it affects economic growth and development. A way to decrease the number of inequality is to educate people especially those in the rural areas that the girl child’s education is just as important as the male’s child. Every individual male or female should not be discriminated on the basis of anything talk less of education, education is key. Say NO to Gender equality in Education. Works Cited Engendering Empowerment: Education and Equality . (2010). United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative , (pp. 15-25). Dakar. Gender and Educational Attainment. (2014). Retrieved from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/gender_education_attainment.htm Ijaiya, T. G., & I.O.Balogun. (n.d.). Estimating the Impact of Gender Inequality in Education on the well-being of women in Nigeria. Kolhapur: Serials Publications. Sheehan, K. (2012). Does Gender Inequality in Education Affect Educational Outcomes? Connecticut.

Bond Market Power

The reasons behind James Carville's quote stating that if he would want to be reincarnated as the Bond Market as appose to a political figure or religious leader (Ferguson, N, 2008) is clear, the Bond market since its inception over 800 years ago has been the most influential financial instrument throughout history. Its longevity and power far surpasses any leader. It affects the outcome of wars, the success and failures of even the largest economies and also touches the lives of individual people. The below paper will discuss the history and origins of such a Debt Instrument, its rise in America inspiring James Carville's quote. Also how the Bond Market works, its components and its power over economies throughout history using examples to support this. Concluding this analysis with the Bond Market in Ireland and how it has been greatly affected by the current economic climate. Origins and Early History of the Bond Market: Nations, races and religions have been at war since the dawn of time and has seen many wars; there have been countless debates as to what ultimately plays the most important role in winning a war. Many people would argue that it is the size of an army, some would say it is the General at the forefront of a battlefield, others would denote it to technological advances in weaponry. These arguments all have one factor in common, they all need to be funded by money; money to pay soldiers, to reward Generals and to pay for arms. The amount of money which a town, country or kingdom has to fund a war is what determines victory. Niall Ferguson outlines the historic origins of the Bond Market very informatively in †The Ascent of Money† tracing the use of Bonds, to as far back as the early 14th century in Italy. Throughout the 14th and 15th Century, Italian cities were at war with one and other. Florence, Pisa and Siena being the main cities at war with each other among others. As concluded above, it is money which is the most influential strategy or weapon to be victorious against the other cities and in the case of Florence we see that by funding their wars they landed their town into major debt. How could Florence pay back this debt? Imposing tax increases would lead to upheaval, they therefore came up with the revolutionary idea of a commonly coined term: â€Å"Government IOU's† (Ferguson, N 2008); the wealthier citizens would lend the Government money over an agreed period of time receiving regular interest payments on said loan. The ideal factor in this agreement is that these IOUS's could be sold to other citizens prior to their maturity making them a liquid asset. This debt instrument saw the birth of the Bond Market. By the early 14th Century, two thirds of households were the Florentine Governments prime lenders in financing their â€Å"Mountain of Debt†. (Ferguson, N 2008). While it seems like a win-win situation for both investors and the Government a critical point arose, if a Government kept going to war and kept issuing Bonds to pay for such wars, how could an investor be guaranteed the investment would be returned. It is this point which highlights the link between the Bond Market and is power over economies. Governments undertaking this idea grew throughout the 16th and 17th century, some using towns as intermediaries; France with Paris hotel de ville, Spain utilizing Genoas Casa di San Girgio and Antwerp's beurs. (Ferguson, N, 2008) But it is the 18th Century and the British consol which paints the most relevant picture as to the rise of the Bond Market and the extent of its power, both from the perspective of winning battles and to be capitalized as a rewarding investment; The Battle of Waterloo being the best example of this. Nathan Rothschild was the most prominent figure at that time in the UK financial world and due to this and his reputation of being a successful Gold smuggler, he was given the task by the British Government of using funds from the issuance of Bonds to purchase amounts of gold to finance the Duke of Wellingtons battles. Rothschild was commissioned to deliver  £600,000 worth of Gold but instead collected  £2 million worth of bullion reserves. It is when the war was announced over and won by the British in 1815 that Rothschild had a problem of having an overly excessive gold reserve from his gold piling mission. He then, in a clear way of capitalizing on the Bond Markets in such a historic way, made one of the best investment decisions of his life. Post being informed of the Duke of Wellingtons victory, Rothschild purchased the British Bonds before the market had an opportunity to react, expecting the price to rise with increased stability of the Government due to the victory at Waterloo. Rothschild purchased the British Consol initially on 20 July 1815 and then again in subsequent years until selling at a peak in late 1817 at an increase of 40%. It is this display of financial valour and a clear inter connection between Government economies and the Bond Market which saw its rise to power in the global financial world. (Ferguson, N 2008). Linking the above to America and ultimately James Carville's quote, we can begin with the oldest impact of the Bond Market on American History, the American Civil War. The South approached the Rothschilds to back them as they did Britain in Waterloo but the Rothschild decided to opt out, this resonated throughout the entire European quarter which led to the an ingenious idea by the Confederacy to offer â€Å"cotton backed bonds† to the Europeans which basically guaranteed the bonds with Cotton making them a less risky initiative. Because the south monopolised the global cotton supply, they could influence prices thus making the cotton backed bonds more expensive leading to the increase in Bond price and ultimately funding for the Civil War. This is why it is said that the fall of New Orleans (cotton producer of the south) in April 1862 was the true definitive moment in the American Civil War, as a result the Bond prices fell astronomically and hence the financial backing for the Confederacy, the end of the war being 1865 with the North claiming victory. (Ferguson, N 2008). Bond Market America 1900's – 1990's Clinton Administration: In terms of the US Treasury Bond Market, it began as part funding for World War I. The war was financed through a rise in taxes and through the sale of war bonds, called â€Å"Liberty Bonds†. Over $21 billion dollars of debt were raised in maturities that came due after the war. Budget surpluses were not enough to cover the debt and so converted into T-bills, notes and bonds. These amounts were paid down regularly until borrowings were increased during the Great Depression of 1929. Foreign governments became holders of United States debt as they began to have surpluses in the balance of trade. As the Government deficit rose during World War II and accelerated during the Vietnam war, the debt markets and the rise of debt related trading instruments has dominated financial markets. In the early 1980s, bond yields rose substantially due to increases in commodity prices, labor wage increases and expanding deficits. Bond prices anticipate rising amounts of future debt and thus yields rise. (www.ehow.com). U.S. interest rates beginning in 1900-2010: (observationsandnotes.blogspot.com) The graph above shows U.S. interest rates beginning in 1900. From 1953 onward, the rates are 10-year U.S. Treasury Note rates, plotted monthly; prior to 1953, they're the less granular. This can support the previous paragraph's historical perspective in the ascent of the US Bond Market, in that we see how the interest rates drop from the depression and how it slowly began to rise post the Vietnam War in the late 60's early 70's.( observationsandnotes.blogspot.com). Placing the James Carville quote into perspective and in line with the time at which it was stated, during the Clinton administration. We can see according to some the destruction of the Bond Market happen in the US in 1994 entirely caused by the policies of said Administration. In 1993 President Clinton began with a plan to kick push the economy. His view was that all he needed to push the economy was lower interest rates. Short-term interest rates can fall for many reasons; public expectations change, increased savings increase, the market or as Adam Smith coined the â€Å"Invisible Hand† drives down interest rates as a signal for more investment. (Smith, A 1991). The same can happen artificially as the central bank expands credit and intentionally causes increased money supply within the economy, the central bank creates distortions in the capital structure, including stocks and bonds, while an increase in private savings allows steady economic growth. The Clinton administration, pushed the Federal reserve to lower short-term interest rates. Making money cheap and plentiful to pump up spending. But there is a fine line between plenty of money and plenty of devalued money. One is higher prices or in other words Inflation, lowers the purchasing power of money, which forces the Fed, sooner or later, to raise the interest rates back to a higher level. The usual consequence is an economic slowdown or even recession. A by-product may be a lower exchange rate internationally. But the actual consequence in the time of the Clinton administration was the bond market collapse. (Pongracic, I, 1995) So far we have tracked the history of the Bond Market from its origins in Italy to its rise within the US economy, but what is the Bond Market technically and how can we analyze the Bond Market and break it down to see how it operates within the financial system in today's terms? The Bond Market and How it works: When dissecting the bond market and its relevance and importance in today's terms we do not associate it too much to the funding of wars or the financing of battles, as we did with Waterloo, The American Civil War and Vietnam, we view it like Nathan Rothschild did, as an investment tool. Stocks historically produce higher rates of return than other investments but at the same time carry with a substantial amount of risk, also noting that it is at the Board of Directors discretion to pay out dividends on common stocks. The alternative being Bonds on the other hand have a maturity date at which time the Bond is redeemed at the issuing price. US Treasury Bonds interest and redemption payments are backed by the U.S Treasury thus rendering them â€Å"risk free† . (Faerber, Esme, 1993) The word †BOND† means contract, agreement, or guarantee. An investor who purchases a bond is lending money to the issuer , and the bond represents the issuer's contractual promise to pay the interest and repay the principle according to specified terms. The issuers themselves can be the National Government, Lower Levels of Government , Corporations and Securitisation Vehicles. (Levinson, M, 2000). Bonds are traded on both the Primary and Secondary Capital Markets along with Stocks and Mortgages, they are first introduced as initial public offerings or IPO's on the primary market and then can be traded or sold on the secondary market before maturity. The Par, face or maturity value of the Bond is the amount the issuer must pay at maturity. The coupon rate is the rate of interest paid on the bond. If the repayment of Bond are not met, the holder can claim on the assets of the issuer, (in the above Civil War example, the South's cotton). Long term bonds traded in the capital market include long term government notes and bonds, municipal bonds and corporate bonds. When dealing in Corporate Bonds, Default risk is an important factor of Bonds, as it is the main factor which influences a Bonds Interest Rate. This can be explained to be the risk that the issuer will not be able to meet interest payments and pay the principle back to the investor. If the possibility of default increases because the corporation is suffering losses the default risk will increase and their expected return on these bonds will decrease. Due to this importance, it is the credit rating agencies which assess the risk of default of Companies and Governments alike and rate them according to likeliness of default. (Mishkin, F.S, 2006) When buying and selling bonds, investors can utilize brokerage firms as they do with other investments and in the case of U.S Treasury Bonds can purchase them directly, it is when successfully realising where its best to buy and sell bonds which leads the investor in gaining from both differences in bond pricing and in commission costs. The Irish Economy & its Bond Market a midst the crisis: As displayed above, the main way for countries to raise fund when required are theough the Bond Markets. They are also a a key indicator as to the economic position of that country. This is because the more concerns the markets have about a nations financial stability, the more expensive it is for that government to issue its Bonds and raise money. A midst the Irish Financial Crisis and the troubles of Irelands Banks, mainly due to the blanket guarantee annoiunced by the Irish Finance Minister John Lenihan, Ireland have found it so much more costly to attract interest in their bonds this year. This is due to the Government accepting responsibility for Commercial Bank’s risky Loan Books, considering these loans will more than likely be defaulted so is the risk that the Irish Government will default on their soveirgn debt. Due to the above, the market prices of Irish Bonds have fallen in recent months, pushing up the yields. The yield on a 10-year Irish bond reached about 9% at one point. That is very high. The UK government – in spite of all its financial difficulties – can borrow for 10 years at just over 3%. (bbc.co.uk).

Free Essays on Don Miguel Larreynaga.

Don Miguel Larreynaga. Don Miguel Larreynaga, nacià ³ en el 29 de septiembre de 1772 en Telica, pueblo situado cerca de la ciudad de Leà ³n, donde aprendià ³ a leer y escribir con los religiosos de La Merced. Luego ingresà ³ al Seminario de San Ramà ³n a estudiar Gramtica Latina y Filosofà ­a. A sus dieciocho aà ±os, se incorpora a la Universidad de Guatemala con el grado de Bachiller en Artes, concluyendo el bachillerato en Leyes y Derecho Canà ³nico en 1798. El siglo XVIII recibe inicindose en cargos pà ºblicos como Relator Interino de la Audiencia en Guatemala. Se recibe de abogado en 1801 y es nombrado asesor de Guerra del Escuadrà ³n de Sonsonate. En 1805 desempeà ±a funciones de Defensor de Bienes Intestados, Juez de Relacià ³n de la Audiencia y Abogado Relator de la Junta Superior de Hacienda. Don Miguel Larreynaga, fue uno de los tantos representantes de Nicaragua, en Guatemala el 15 de Septiembre de 1821 cuando a las ocho de la maà ±ana el Capitn General Gabino Gainza sostiene una reunià ³n en su casa para discutir su destino. En la reunià ³n donde estaban congregados una gran multitud de gente, se analiza la situacià ³n de la Capitanà ­a ante el hecho de que dos provincias entonces centroamericanas, Chiapas y Soconosco, habà ­an proclamado la independencia conforme al "Plan de Iguala" de Agustà ­n Iturbide. Don Miguel, cuyo criterio era sumamente respetado, se pronuncià ³ en esa asamblea en apoyo a la tesis de la proclamacià ³n inmediata de la independencia de Centroamà ©rica, elocuentemente defendida por el Prroco Dr. Josà © Marà ­a Castilla. Tambià ©n suscribià ³ el Acta de Independencia y formà ³ parte de la primera Junta Consultiva, creada ese mismo dà ­a, en representacià ³n de Nicaragua, su provincia natal.... Free Essays on Don Miguel Larreynaga. Free Essays on Don Miguel Larreynaga. Don Miguel Larreynaga. Don Miguel Larreynaga, nacià ³ en el 29 de septiembre de 1772 en Telica, pueblo situado cerca de la ciudad de Leà ³n, donde aprendià ³ a leer y escribir con los religiosos de La Merced. Luego ingresà ³ al Seminario de San Ramà ³n a estudiar Gramtica Latina y Filosofà ­a. A sus dieciocho aà ±os, se incorpora a la Universidad de Guatemala con el grado de Bachiller en Artes, concluyendo el bachillerato en Leyes y Derecho Canà ³nico en 1798. El siglo XVIII recibe inicindose en cargos pà ºblicos como Relator Interino de la Audiencia en Guatemala. Se recibe de abogado en 1801 y es nombrado asesor de Guerra del Escuadrà ³n de Sonsonate. En 1805 desempeà ±a funciones de Defensor de Bienes Intestados, Juez de Relacià ³n de la Audiencia y Abogado Relator de la Junta Superior de Hacienda. Don Miguel Larreynaga, fue uno de los tantos representantes de Nicaragua, en Guatemala el 15 de Septiembre de 1821 cuando a las ocho de la maà ±ana el Capitn General Gabino Gainza sostiene una reunià ³n en su casa para discutir su destino. En la reunià ³n donde estaban congregados una gran multitud de gente, se analiza la situacià ³n de la Capitanà ­a ante el hecho de que dos provincias entonces centroamericanas, Chiapas y Soconosco, habà ­an proclamado la independencia conforme al "Plan de Iguala" de Agustà ­n Iturbide. Don Miguel, cuyo criterio era sumamente respetado, se pronuncià ³ en esa asamblea en apoyo a la tesis de la proclamacià ³n inmediata de la independencia de Centroamà ©rica, elocuentemente defendida por el Prroco Dr. Josà © Marà ­a Castilla. Tambià ©n suscribià ³ el Acta de Independencia y formà ³ parte de la primera Junta Consultiva, creada ese mismo dà ­a, en representacià ³n de Nicaragua, su provincia natal....

Romeo and juliet -Tybalt essays

Romeo and juliet -Tybalt essays Romeo and Juliet is a play of two "star crossed lovers" whose houses are at war. This hatred causes a tragic ending, in which Romeo and Juliet both end up dead. This tragedy would never have happened if the two houses had not been fighting. Shakespeare never reveals why these two houses are at war making it seem like it is ages old, and that over time they have forgotten why they were fighting. Shakespeare uses primarily one character to relay this hate to his audience; he uses a fiery, irrational, aggressive, hotheaded young man named Tybalt. Without the constant quarreling between the two houses, Romeo and Juliet would have been free to see each other, which would have made for a boring play. Without Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet would have had a fairy tale ending. When Tybalt is first introduced, he is storming into the middle of a huge battle scene (act 1). While Benvolio tries to stop the fighting between the Capulets and the Montagues, Tybalt fires up the situation by saying, in act I, scene I, line 77-79 "What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. Have at thee coward!" and they begin to fight. This describes Tybalt's character. He disregards Benvolio's wish to make peace; he mocks him, and then explodes in his face, aching for a fight. In this first scene, Shakespeare introduces the aggression between the houses, which is escalated by Tybalt in every scene that he appears in. The next time Tybalt appears, he is at the Capulet's house for a party. When Romeo arrives disguised, Tybalt recognizes his voice and immediately responds to him as an enemy and someone to fight. He fears he is being mocked. In act I, scene V, line 64-66, Tybalt says, " Uncle, this is a Montague, our foe; a villain that is hither come in spite, to scorn at our solemnity this night." While Tybalt sees only a villain, Capulet sees Romeo as an individual, as he s ...

Invasive Species Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Invasive Species - Essay Example Invasive species in certain regions are assumed to threaten the rest of the ecosystem especially those species which have became extinct. It so happens when any specie increases in population it declines the chances of growth for the others. However, this is an assumption as there is no data or researched hypothesis to support these assumptions; extinct species become scarce due to miscellaneous biodiversity factors and due to these their population starts declining in their native regions. Some researchers consider that human interference in the ecosystem has caused this disrupt, either directly or indirectly. Similarly, when ecologist harvested certain species in a foreign environment it also disrupted the biodiversity of the area and numerous species as well. It cannot be exactly claimed what became the cause of threat for extinct species, but there are many unknown factors to humans about the environment and biodiversity of life on Earth. Brown tree snake of Guam is one of the ex ample, which the author discusses in the article. Yet, it is imperial to study the impact of exotic plants, invasive predators and pathogens in a foreign environment as their nourishment and existence will depend on numerous factors in the new environment.Conclusively, it is significant to research, plan, protect, and preserve the extinct species in their native and natural environment as new regions will impact on their growth in an unknown manner and that cannot be ascertained by humans in a rapid manner.

Macroeconomic Objectives of the UK Govenment Economic Policy Assignment

Macroeconomic Objectives of the UK Govenment Economic Policy - Assignment Example This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the framework of macroeconomic policies of the government of the UK. In order to exercise effective administration of the country the government must determine the objectives of its policy. Then the target has to be selected. The next task is to choose the instruments of policy to be used in pursuit of the objectives. Four major economic objectives, that any government should pursue, include low unemployment level, price stability, satisfactory balance of payment position and sufficient sustainable economic growth. In addition to four major economic objectives a government may have other objectives for the economy. These may include a more even distribution income of wealth and a cleaner environment. It is difficult to achieve all four macro economic objectives at a time. Countries rarely experience stable economic growth. Instead they experience business cycles. Periods of rapid economic growth are followed by periods of low growth or even a fall in output. Sometimes, these cycles can be the result of government policy of raising taxes in a recession in order to compensate for falling tax revenues caused by lower incomes and expenditures. Unemployment fluctuates with business cycles. High employment has a number of significant advantages. Most people receive higher incomes from employment than from state benefits. Governments usually not aim for complete price stability but for low and stable rate of inflation. The government also is to ensure balance of payment equilibrium. ... New classical economist refers to the non-accelerating rate of unemployment ( NAIRU). It can also be called the natural rate of unemployment. It is the rate of unemployment which exists when all those who want to work at the going wage rate and who have the appropriate skills can find a job (Storm & Naastepad 2012).  . Whether it is example four percent or 8 percent will depend on a number of factors. These include the gap between paid employment and state benefit, attitudes towards living on benefits, labor market information and skill levels. A government basing its policies on new classical theory would seek to reduce NAIRU by improving the working of the labor market ( Top of Form Fabiani 1998).   Bottom of Form . Furthermore, Governments usually not aim for complete price stability but for a low and stable rate of inflation. Complete price stability or zero inflation would mean that the general price level is not changing. In practice, in a dynamic, growing economy the gener al price the general price level is likely to rise by between 1% and 2% per year. This rise will reflect the buoyancy level of demand and the fact that the quality of goods tends to rise. For example, a television purchased in the year 2013 may be 5% more expensive than one purchased in 2012 but it may also, for instance, have extra channels and give better reception. If the rate of inflation is equal to or below rival countries, the countries can at least maintain its international price competitiveness. If it is stable then firms do not have to guess what wage claims they need to make to maintain their real wages. However, high and accelerating inflation is clearly undesirable. It can reduce a country’s international competitiveness, reduce the real income of some groups, create

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Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay Introduction Our assigned topic deals with a phenomenon that has taken the corporate world by storm rather recently, particularly in Pakistan. It entails the dilemma that every corporation faces when they have to make decisions regarding the firm’s profitability and their corporation’s social responsibility. The term corporate social responsibility came into common use in the late 1960s and early 1970s after many multinational corporations formed the term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organizations activities have an impact. It was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders. The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has developed exponentially in the last decade. Nevertheless, there remains a lingering debate about the legitimacy and value of corporate reaction to CSR concerns. There are different views of the function of the firm in society and disagreement as to whether wealth maximization should be the sole goal of a corporation. An escalating number of shareholders, analysts, regulators, activists, labor unions, employees, community organizations, and news media are asking companies to be accountable for an ever-changing set of CSR issues. There is rising demand for transparency and growing expectations that corporations measure, report, and continuously improve their social, environmental, and economic performance. According to Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), corporate social responsibility is defined as â€Å"achieving commercial success in ways that honor ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment.† Each company is at variance in how it implements corporate social responsibility, if it does so at all. The differences depend on such factors as any particular company’s size, the particular industry involved, the firm’s business culture, stakeholder demands, and how historically progressive the company is in engaging CSR. Some companies focus on a single area, which is regarded as the most important for them or where they have the highest impact or vulnerability—human rights or the environment, for example—while there are others who endeavor to incorporate CSR in each and every one facet of their operations. For successful execution, it is fundamental that the CSR principles are part of the corporations’ values and strategic planning, and that the management and employees, both are committed to them. Furthermore, it is important that the CSR strategy is aligned with the company’s specific corporate objectives and core competencies. As CSR comes into contact with many of the problems conventionally addressed by government, like human rights and community investing, there is strong censure that societal problems are best solved by freely elected government bodies as the resources of a corporation are poorly matched for addressing those social problems, and therefore, it is argued, they should not be misallocated. According to Friedman (1970), in a free society, â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud.† The idea is that the state should address social problems, supported by the argument that an executive, by taking money and resources that would otherwise go to owners, employees, and costumers, and allocating them according to the will of the minority, and will fail to serve the interests of her or his principal. In this way, the executive imposes a tax and spends the proceeds for â€Å"social† purposes, which is insupportable, since she or he has neither the skills nor the jurisdiction to do so. On the other hand, there are many demands by others for corporate adoption of the CSR principles. Although the government is chiefly responsible for addressing those issues, the contribution of private firms can be substantial. There is also the argument of the shifting balance of power. According to the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), of the 100 largest global economies, as indicated by their respective GDP, 51 of them are US corporations, and only 49 are nation states. So economic supremacy has shifted to the corporations; they, therefore, should have an increasing role in and accountability for addressing social problems. For example, the government sets the regulations and the minimum standards for the workplace, but a company can further improve the work environment and the quality of living of its employees. A firm cannot stay oblivious to the problems of the environment in which it functions. The poverty of a nation state’s citizens, political unrest, and the exhaustion of natural resources can have destructive effects for a corporation. For example, resources that are inputs in the production process and which, at the foundation of the industrial revolution, were plentiful are now scarce, polluted, or diminishing in many regions of the entire planet. As one would expect, this imposes an extra cost to the corporations and may force them to reposition or to cease operations. From one perspective, companies may be poorly equipped to address some of the social or environmental problems, but from another perspective, no matter how poorly equipped, companies may still be best positioned to improve the problems. Undoubtedly, adopting the CSR principles involves costs. These costs might be short term in nature or continuous outflows. They may involve the purchase of new environmentally friendly equipment, the change of management structures, or the implementation of stricter quality controls. Since being socially responsible involves incurring costs, it should generate benefits as well in order to be a sustainable business practice. A corporation could not continue a policy that constantly generates negative cash flows. The shareholders invest their money in a corporation, expecting the highest possible risk adjusted return. Therefore, being socially responsible should have bottom-line benefits in order to be sustainable. Socially responsible corporate performance can be associated with a series of benefits with the final outcome. But in a lot of cases, it seems that the time frame of the costs and benefits can be out of alignment—the costs are in the near future, whereas the benefits are not often realized until long periods of time have lapsed. Nevertheless, many benefits can be identified. Firstly, socially responsible companies have enhanced brand image and reputation. Consumers are often attracted towards brands and companies with good reputations in CSR related issues. Therefore, a corporation’s brand equity is automatically enhanced. A company regarded as socially responsible can also benefit from its reputation within the business community by having increased ability to attract capital and trading partners. However, reputation is hard to quantify and measure; it is even harder to measure how much it increases a company’s value. But since companies have developed methods to measure the benefits of their advertisement campaigns, similar methods can and should be able to be applied in the case of corporate reputation. Socially responsible companies also have less risk of negative rare events. Furthermore, companies that adopt the CSR principles are more transparent and have less risk of bribery and corruption. In addition, they may execute stricter and, thus, more costly quality and environmental controls, but they run less risk of having to bear in mind defective product lines and pay heavy fines for excessive polluting. They also have less risk of negative social events which damage their reputation and cost millions of dollars in information and advertising campaigns. The scandals about child–labor and sweatshops that affect the clothing industry are two fine examples. Thus, socially responsible businesses should have more stable earnings growth and less downside volatility. Since companies that adopt the CSR principles carry less risk, when valuing those companies, a lower discount rate should be used. In the company valuation this lower tail risk should be taken into account. There are also other cases in which doing what is good and responsible converges with doing the best for the particular business. Some CSR initiatives can dramatically reduce operating costs. For example, reducing packaging material or planning the optimum route for delivery trucks not only reduces the environmental impact of a company’s operation, but it also reduces the cost. The process of adopting the CSR principles induces executives to reconsider their business practices and to seek more efficient ways of operating. Companies perceived to have a strong CSR commitment often have an improved ability to attract and to retain employees (Turban Greening 1997), which leads to reduced turnover, recruitment, and training costs. Employees, too, often evaluate their companies CSR performance to determine if their personal values conflict with those of the businesses at which they work. There are many known cases in which employees were asked, under pressure of their supervisors, to overlook written or moral laws in order to achieve higher profits. These practices create a culture of fear in the workplace and harm the employees’ trust, loyalty, and commitment to the company. Companies that improve working conditions and labor practices also experience increased productivity and reduced error rates. Regular controls in the production facilities throughout the world ensure that all the employees work under good conditions and earn living wages. These practices are costly, but the increased productivity of the workers and improved quality of the products generate positive cash flows that cover the associated costs. Thus, firms may actually benefit from socially responsible actions in terms of employee morale and productivity (Moskowitz, 1972). Literature review CSP is a global concept that encompasses those of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Responsiveness. It provides a coherent framework to explore business-society relationships by looking at the social impact of corporations with business criteria of performance measurement, such as quality, efficacy, effectiveness, innovation (Carroll, 1991; Wood, 1991). The challenge for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries is framed by a vision that was distilled in 2000 into the Millennium Development Goals—‘a world with less poverty, hunger and disease, greater survival prospects for mothers and their infants, better educated children, equal opportunities for women, and a healthier environment’ (UN, 2006: 3). The penetration of the social realm into corporate strategy has gathered momentum in the last years. The movement for CSR has â€Å"won the battle of ideas† (Crook 2005). By now, most well managed companies have adopted th e practices and certifications mandatory in their industries, having gone through what Zadek (2004) calls the â€Å"defensive† and the â€Å"compliance† stages of CSR. Managing the social and environmental footprint of economic activity is generally accepted as part of the cost of doing business. But much remains to be done. If companies are to move their CSR activities from satisfying behavior and take their commitment to society and the environment to the next level, they will need to rethink their current approaches to CSR, tapping into the creativity of every individual. CSE, like all entrepreneurship, is not about managing existing operations or CSR programs; it is about creating disruptive change in the pursuit of new opportunities. It combines the willingness and desire to create joint economic and social value with the entrepreneurial redesign, systems development, and action necessary to carry it out. Accelerated organizational transformation faces a host of obstacles well-documented in the change management literature. Some people argue that media pressures the corporate managers and directors to behave in ways that are â€Å"socially ac ceptable†. Sometimes this coincides with shareholders’ value maximization, others not (Zinagales, 2002). Although there are several contested notions of what CSR should be and how it should work, there is some agreement upon what it broadly entails. A number of concepts and issues are subsumed under the heading of CSR, including human rights, environmental responsibility, diversity management, sustainability, and philanthropy (Amaeshi Adi, 2006), meaning that it is a complex area with an interdisciplinary focus. It is generally agreed that CSR involves corporations voluntarily exceeding their legal duties to take account of social, economic and environmental impacts of their operations. Consideration of the social, economic and political context demonstrates how CSR forms part of a wider strategic direction being taken internationally with regard to market relations and the pursuit of a range of objectives and goals. The context is in part provided by concerns about the numerous examples of irresponsible behavior on the part of corporations, ranging from colluding with oppressive regimes and in the overthrowing of governments (Alston, 2005) to issues relating to working conditions and the impact of unethical marketing practices (Richter, 2001). Such examples have demonstrated the need for the worst excesses of business to be curbed. The globalised economy is understood to raise important issues for businesses and governments due to changes in patterns of production and consumption. In particular it is noted that the manufacturing of goods is highly mobile (Cassell, 2001:263) and that supply chains are often dispersed in various countries, creating difficulties in terms of legislation and regulation. Moreover, economic globalization presents challenges to the ability of states to protect peoples rights (Cassell, 2001). The notion of corporate social responsibility is part of the third way (Gond Matten, 2007), where the role of the state is now to provide steering for the promotion of social development and social justice (Giddens, 2001: 6). There is increased involvement of the private sector in traditionally statutory provision through privatization and public/private partnerships (Meehan, 2003). Economic policies have created a need for markets and business to self-regulate in order to continue to pursue an international free market economy, but also to ensure sustainability of economic, human and other resources, and of the environment. CSR is seen as a solution to these problems of regulation. The private sector is increasingly seen as a key player in the achievement of many national and international strategic objectives for governments, which is also enabled by CSR. Methodology To gather information, we used secondary research as our main source of information. Various academic journals and internet sources were pursued to cater to the important aspects of the given topic. Moreover, since we thoroughly researched this topic, personal opinions were formed and using those and logic, we justified our opinions accordingly. How can business persons act in an ethically and socially responsible manner and at the same time make profits? Suppose clear-cutting is profitable and legal, but is nonetheless regarded as environmentally irresponsible under prevailing social norms. Can management of a timber corporation decline to clear-cut its timberland even though that sacrifices profits? One might be tempted to evade the question by claiming that being environmentally responsible is profitable in the long run, either because it preserves the forest for future harvesting or because it maintains a public goodwill that aids future sales. But suppose, in an incautious moment, management admits that the present value of those future profits from not clear cutting cannot hope to match the large current profits that clear-cutting would produce. Or, more realistically, suppose a takeover bid by a firm known to clear-cut establishes precisely that proposition by offering far more than the stock price that reflects the current stream of profits. Can management reject the profitable takeover bid on the grounds that it will lead to socially undesirable clear-cutting? The answers to these questions will challenge the canonical law and economics account on corporate social responsibility, which goes something like this. Unless modified by statute, traditional fiduciary duties require corporate managers to further the interests of shareholders, and thus require them to maximize corporate profits subject to the obligation to comply with independent legal constraints. Ethics and social responsibility are very important values in business ventures. This is particularly essential in decision making process. Ethical conscience reminds business persons to make trustworthy and profitable business decisions. Likewise, the social responsibility component requires business persons to make entrepreneurial decisions that can enhance benefits and repelling harms to the stakeholders. The canonical law and economics view holds that corporate managers do and should have a duty to profit-maximize because such conduct is socially efficient given that general legal sanctions do or can redress any harm that corporate or non-corporate businesses inflict on others. If certain conduct imposes excessive harm on others or merits taxation, then an independent law should regulate and impose liability or taxes whether or not the actor is a corporation, and if the conduct does not impose any impermissible harm or merit taxation, then the most socially desirable thing for corporations to do is maximize profits. Other stakeholders could either legally protect themselves by contract with the corporation or have their legal protection provided by judicial gap-filling of such contracts. Part of what makes this account canonical is that it helps define the boundaries of the corporate law field. It leaves corporate law scholars free to ignore issues about any effects the corporation may have on the external world as topics best addressed by other legal fields, and to focus on more tractable models about which corporate rules would maximize shareholder value.