Teacher Work Sample Part 7

Teacher work Sample: Standard 7 Lauren M. Evins EED/495 May 13, 2012 Professor Mark McCall Teacher Work Sample: Standard 7 Standard 7: Reflections and Self-Evaluation In the education profession, it is necessary for teachers to create lesson plans that adhere to national, state, and district learning standards. The ability to successfully create and implement these lessons that have goals and specific learning objectives is the responsibility of the teacher. A way to evaluate the success of your instructional skills is through reflection and self-evaluation. Reflecting on your own teaching, shortcomings as well as successes, is a way to make sense of your own experiences and to gain perspective on the day-to-day workings of your own classroom. † A reflection and self-evaluation will be listed for this Teacher Work Sample. , which will include an analysis of instructional and student learning, and the effectiveness of teacher instruction. Throughout the implementation of my less ons from the Teacher Work Sample the lessons that contributed the most to student learning were the activities that required students to apply their knowledge in activities.These activities include the vocabulary words used in a sentence, the group discussion that allowed students to build on each other’s responses and knowledge, and the group projects that were a collaboration of student creativity. Some of the greatest barriers to achieving the desired learning results were overcoming the additional background knowledge that was needed to teach the unit lessons, which would consequentially be a need for improvement in the pre-assessment and the analysis of the pre-assessment.One factor that would be done to improve the acquisition of the desired learning results and improving student learning would be to spend more time reviewing supplemental and background information for the unit prior to introducing the unit, and creating a more detailed rubric that analyzed studentsâ₠¬â„¢ prior knowledge. The repeated interruptions and deviations that were taken during lessons required additional modifications in instructional time management and steering the lesson back on path of the learning goals and objectives.Reviewing the seven standards listed in this Teacher Work Sample emphasized key areas of strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of the work sample included Contextual Factors, Learning Goals and Objectives, and Design for Instruction. These strengths allowed a successful creation of goals and objectives that were aligned with Florida State Standards and were achieved with the majority of the student population, as seen in the Analysis of Learning Results.The ability to properly gather data and information in the Contextual Factors helped understand why some students had prior knowledge of Native Americans and why other students has less prior knowledge. The Design for Instruction was implemented with little to no problems; however, the flaws in instr uction did not occur from the design they occurred from the Assessment Plan, which was a weakness and needed additional improvement.The Instructional Decision-Making was also a weakness in that student learning responses were not as anticipated regarding Native American background information and an additional need for improvement would include reacting and modifying lessons without deviating greatly from the original goals and objectives. My professional knowledge and skills were adequate to teach this unit, but my performance would have been enhanced if I had better analyzed the pre-assessment that was given at the beginning of the unit.As a professional, I would need to improve my ability to read and analyze assessment results, which could be the difference in student achievement and failure. The most significant learning insight achieved from this unit would be the understanding that despite detailed planning and instructional preparation, modifications in instruction will alway s arise and it is the teachers responsibility to make the necessary deviations but maintain the unit’s goals and objectives.In general, my analysis and self-reflection would e considered a success with minor weaknesses that would need improvement through workshops, training seminars, and/or with an experienced teacher’s help. Reference Module 6: Assessing teaching and learning. (2006). Retrieved May 12, 2012 from http://www. league. org/gettingresults/web/module6/teaching/teacher_reflections. html

Globalization and North East India Essay

I.Introduction Ever since the term ‘globalization’ appeared for the first time in the second half of twentieth century no other word has meant so many different things to different people and has evoked as much emotions. The forces of globalization affect virtually every country in the world. It has opened the door of many new opportunities as well as formidable challenges. All spheres of life–social, political, cultural and economic–have been subjected to both the positive and negative elements of globalization. With all its promises on the overall qualitative improvement of life and social harmony, some see it as the saviour of universal peace and prosperity. On the other hand, rising mercury of its negative elements some condemn it as a new kind of chaos. While everyone welcomes the new opportunities that has emerged one cannot simply leave those negative elements unattended. Therefore, the main task now is to analyze, understand and manage globalization doing our best to harness its benefits and keep those negative consequences at bay. 1 India joined the club of globalized economy in 1991when its economy is under the spell of fiscal and balance of payment crisis which compel her to initiate several structural adjustment programme and economic liberalization. Since then, India’s share to the global economy is getting larger. Today, looking at overall health of the economy and growth performance2, India seems to have struck the right note of the globalization string. With its vast natural and human resources and ability to synchronize the speed of change taking place in the international market, many have considered the India’s economy as one of the most resilient economy in the world. Now, the most pertinent question arises in the recent years is; has the benefits of globalization disbursed to all the regions of the Indian union? Certainly the answer is NO. India’s attempt to tackle the problems of income inequalities has been going on since independence under the centralized planning system. It, however, failed to provide the necessary growth impetus to the poorer states to reduce regional disparities in any meaningful manner in spite of four decades of economic planning. In the post globalization era, considering the size and diversity of the country, shrinking role of government would ultimately be a failure to achieve the set objective. With the opening of economy, states with better infrastructure facilities, better skill labour and work culture, investor friendly environment and more importantly states which can reform themselves in accordance to the need of the market oriented economy have attracted much of the private investment–both national as well as foreign. These states have grown much faster than states which are not, leading to widening disparities.3 This has posed a great challenge to academicians and polic y makers, even though globalization is an uneven process with unequal distribution of benefits and losses, who must ensure the benefits of globalization be distributed to all the regions/states of Indian union. Secondly, to what extent the high growth rate achieved so far has been translated into development for the well-being of its people? It is all the more necessary to ascertain the magnitude of development because development shouldn’t be seen as mere enhancement of national or personal income as it alone cannot serve the objective of securing the socio-economic equality. High growth rate achieved so far is a big accomplishment as the resources so generated could be utilized for developmental purposes to meet the desired social ends.4 It would, however, be highly injustice and misleading to interpret economic growth and economic development synonymously, yet a popular cynicism among the political circle in particular, as development covers much wider range and value. In short, achievement of higher growth rate should be reflected in terms of quality of life of the people. The failure to realize the value of high growth is the main reason for the rejection of ‘shining India/feel good factor’ slogan of the ruling party in 2004 general election. This implies that the higher growth rate achieved so f ar in the post globalization period could not be translated in terms of improvement in the quality of life of the common people. According to Sen any reform programme should consists of three R’s–reach, range and a reason–which every responsible individual should analyze, understand and act accordingly. The values of high growth often depend on what the size, composition and nature of that growth do to the lives and freedoms of the people involved.5 With the increasing concern of widening of inter-state disparities and lack of development, it is highly imperative to assess the effects of globalization on North East India-a relatively uncharted region of the country-as fifteen years is long enough to give some clear pictures. With this objective, the present study attempts to locate the clues of the following quarries; has the region been able to gain from the benefits of globalization? What are the major issues and challenges confronting or likely to confront in the coming years? What are the unexplored opportunities that can be harnessed? This would require examining the prevalent scenario of the region in the pre and post globalization period. The present study shall cover 1980 to 2005 considering 1991 as the dividing year of the two periods. The study has been organized into five sections including introduction. In section II, a brief profile of NE states has been sketched. In section III, some of the issues and formidable challenges needed to be addressed sooner than the later has been discussed. In section IV, discussed the unexplored opportunities in the region. Finally, we conclude the study in section V . II.North East Profile The North East India comprises of eight contiguous states6 of highly undulating hilly terrains, covering 263,179 sq km which is about 8% of the total geographical area of the country. The region is one of the landlocked regions of South Asia. About 4500 km i.e. 98% of its border is with five different countries of South Asia–Nepal, Bhutan, China, Myanmar and Bangladesh. No other region of the Indian union share common border with so many different countries connecting with the heartland through the tenuous 22 km Siliguri corridor. The region is the home of extraordinarily diverse mosaic of ethnic groups having distinctive social, cultural and economic identity, more akin to their South Asia neighbours than main land India. The total population of the region is about 38 million, 3.8 per cent of the country’s total population, of which Assam contributes 68 per cent of the total population. Assam recorded the highest density of population with 340 per sq. km., which is also higher than the national average of 313 per sq. km., followed by Tripura with 305 per sq. km. Otherwise, the region is sparsely populated with an overall density of population of 149 per sq. km. Table 1 The decennial growth rate recorded in most of the states during the previous decade is higher than the national level of 21.54 per cent. Nagaland recorded the highest growth rate (64.46 per cent), also highest among the states of the Indian union, followed by Sikkim (33.25 per cent) and Meghalaya (30.65 per cent). Only Tripura (16.03% per cent) and Assam (18.92 per cent), two of the most populated states, have recorded lower growth rate than all India level. The region is richly endowed with bio-diversity, hydro-potential, minerals like oil and natural gas, coal, limestone, dolomite, graphite, quartzite, sillimonite etc. and forest wealth. Over 10 per cent of forest products requirement in the country are met from this region only. The region has a very high potential to generate hydropower i.e. about 80 per cent of the total hydropower potential in the country. Arunachal Pradesh alone is expected to generate 2,67,474 MW i.e. 30 per cent of the total available in the country. With varied geo-climatic condition, the region is ideally suited for horticulture, floriculture and other plantation crops. A variety of fruits like pineapples, banana, orange, lemon, mango, papaya etc. grow abundantly in the region. The region is famous for most number of orchid varieties in the country. Tea is the major plantation crop grown in the region and is the largest producer in the country contributing over 95 per cent of the total production. The region is also richly endowed with varieties of medicinal plants having high value in the international market. But, due to the lack of proper infrastructure, transport and communication system and geo-political condition of the region these resources largely remained untapped. Source: Report of the Twelfth Finance Commission, p 61. The region is grossly deficient of infrastructure to tap the available resources and push the economy forward. An examination of the infrastructure index–a composite profile of the availability of physical, social and institutional infrastructure available in the states revealed that all the states of the region are at the lowest rung of the infrastructure index ladder. It shows that the level of infrastructural development in the region is almost negligible. In terms of human development index–a composite index capturing the three dimensions of human development viz. economic, education and health-the region have done reasonably well than most of the states of Indian union. Among the eight states, Assam ranked the lowest, which has been placed in lower middle category and Mizoram in high category while rest of the states are either in high middle or middle category. The success of these states in this regard is mainly induced by the education sector. Apart from Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya the literacy rate in the remaining states, as shown in Table 1, are higher than the national average. The economy of the region primarily depends on agriculture sector contributing over 40 per cent of the income and employ about 70 per cent of the total working population. Although NSDP share of agriculture sector has declined to about 30 per cent, the number of population dependent upon this sector continued to remain high even in the post globalization period. The decline in the NSDP’s share of agriculture sector has been more or less compensated by the increase in the share of service sector. That is, the service sector growth rate during the corresponding period is commendable. Nevertheless, the industrial sector in the region continued to be in pathetic condition. Industrially the region is one of the most backward regions in India. Only Assam, and to some extent Meghalaya, have moved ahead of the rest of the states in terms of industrial development whose industrialization centered on tea, oil and timber. An examination on the overall annual compound growth rate of NSDP in the region revealed that there is a slight improvement in post globalization period though varies from stat to state. Source: http://mospi.nic.in/rept%20_%20pubn/ftest.asp?rept_id=nad03_1993_1994&type=NSSO Note: * At 1980-81 prices, ** From 1993 to 2002 only, †  at Current Price, a denotes Acceleration, d denotes Deceleration During the decade of 80s only Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland experienced higher annual compound growth of NSDP than the national level. However, in the post globalization period i.e. 1991-2002, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura have performed better than the national level. The growth rate experienced in these states is not only higher but also accelerating. Though the NSDP growth rate of Manipur is lower than the national level but higher than the previous decade and is accelerating. While Assam’s growth rate is lower in the post globalization but grows at an accelerating rate which is a positive sign. In the post globalization period the growth performances in the region have improved marginally. The higher growth rate of NSDP in the region is mainly induced by higher and accelerating growth rate of service sector. The higher growth rate of NSDP experienced in some of the states is not commensurate with the growth rate of per capita income. The per capita income growth rates of all the states, baring Tripura, falls below the national level in the corresponding period. While Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Nagaland have worsened, the performance of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura seem to be relatively better than the previous decade. The lower growth rate of per capita income experienced may be attributed to high growth rate of population, particularly poorer section of the society. The percentage of population living below the poverty line in the region continued to remain high. Only Mizoram seems to have done exceptionally well in poverty eradication where the percentage has declined from 36 per cent in 1983 to 19.47 per cent in 1999-2000. In the remaining states there is only a marginal decline in poverty ratio. In 1983, the percentage of population living below the poverty line at national level is much higher than that of all the states of the region. It is just the reversal in 1999-2000-all the states other than Mizoram have higher percentage than national level of 26.1 per cent. Over one-third of the population is still consists of the most vulnerable section of the society. Further, an examination on the per capita per month consumption expenditure revealed that the inequality in the per capita monthly consumption expenditure has also increased in spite of the improvement in the growth performance in the post globalization period. In 1993-94, Assam has the lowest per capita per month consumption expenditure followed by Manipur and Sikkim. These three states are even lower than the national level of Rs. 328.18 per month. However, in 1999-2000, only Assam and Sikkim experienced lower per capita per month consumption expenditure than that of national level of Rs. 590.98 per month. The increase in consumption expenditure in the globalization era is quite impressive. At the same time, inequality in consumption expenditure, as revealed by the Gini coefficient8, has also increased in most of the states which is an indication of widening disparities among different sections of the society. This implies that the benefits of higher growth rate experienced, though marginally, in the post reform period have not been tickled down to the poorer sections of the society in the desired pace and the problem of income inequality within the state has worsened. An overall scenario of the region in the post globalization period is not very impressive as in the case of other region of the Indian union. This may be attributed to the prevailing geo-political condition in the region and attitude of the central government in tackling the issues of the region. In the following section we shall examine some of the issues and challenges which required an immediate attention. III.The Challenges Being one of the most neglected regions of the Indian union, overall state of affairs in the region is quite alarming. The unattended issues and problems of the past are being accumulated, multi-layered and have become multifarious. Over and above, the mounting pressures of emerging challenges of rapid transformation need to be countered. The clock is ticking fast and situation in the region is very delicate which may explode anytime from now if not tackled carefully. At this juncture the old habit of alibis and hinting would only aggravate the maladies of the past and swell negative elements of the globalization. Instead, it is the time to think and act collectively. The region has more issues to be addressed and challenges to face than any other parts of the country. Of which, the three most important areas which require immediate attention are insurgency, infrastructure and governance. All the other issues are derivatives which would dry up once these three are addressed. a.Insurgency The problem of insurgency in the region has a long history. The insular politics and Delhi centric approach of the Indian government is at the core of much of the discontents, widespread criticism, feelings of subjugation and notion of being colonized. There is a constant fear in the minds of the people that their identity is being eroded due to the submergence into the vast ocean of Indian humanity.9 The people of the region started alienating themselves and the feeling of self-determination started to germinate. With the aim of preserving their own identity various ethnic groups inhabiting in the region, undisturbed for centuries, began to differentiate among each other severing the local ties and affinities and started to struggle with arms.10 Thus, insurgency has mushroomed in the region and the secessionist movements, either for sovereignty or for separate homeland, began to lock horns leading to a vertical division among various ethnic groups. Therefore, prior to any policy pro gramme to resolve the problem of insurgency in the region, the political processes that has been framed and pursued to convert a breeding ground of insurgencies must be reversed first. Simultaneously, the attitude and security obsess mindsets of the central government should also change and embrace the region with open arms so as to restore the lost confidence of the common people. Insurgency is the major problem inflicting the region. With the passage of time it has increasingly become more complex and difficult to understand as their objectives, role and activities varied widely.11 In the name of nationalist movement they were involved and interfered in every state’s affairs including household chores, like a moral police, of their people. Each insurgent group runs parallel government. In a way, apart from Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, all the remaining states have multiple governments. The problem of insurgency has become the stumbling block in the course of development. It foundered every development strategy and hampered all the developmental works. Kidnapping, extortion, killing, bandh, strikes and curfews have become the order of the day. At the same time, the numbers and activities of the plain criminals masquerading as insurgents have also increased alarmingly. Today, the region has become the killing field and specialized in the export to death bodies, if not the manufacturing products. In short, the region has reached the pinnacle of the industrialization of insurgency and criminalization process. It would not be easy to find the solution. However, keeping in mind the rising global terrorism, it would be wise to work on a holistic approach for amicable solution sooner than the later. At the same time, what every insurgent group, operating in the region, should realize is that the formation of separate homeland or attainment of more autonomy or sovereignty is not the solution because within itself formation of new group with new demand can not be ruled out. b.Infrastructure The rich natural and human resources available in the region could not be utilized to the full extent mainly due to the geo-political condition, including ever-deteriorating law and order, which has a lot of implication on the development of must needed infrastructure. The negligence of the central government in the past and due to the problems of insurgency at present resulted into the gross deficiency of infrastructure in the region. This has crippled the free flow of factors as well as products. In such a situation, it would be hard for the region to accrue the benefits of globalization. It is also not surprising to find the lack of FDI inflow in the region. During January 2000 to Mach 2006 the region received only 9 million US dollar i.e. 0.04 per cent of the total FDI inflow in the country. The lack of infrastructure, as revealed by the infrastructure index given in Table 2, has not only spoiled the prospect of economic development but has also created a horizontal division amon g various ethnic groups affecting the fabrics of social harmony in the region. All the â€Å"constituent states of the region are internally locked–themselves locked and locking out others, unable to connect with each other physically in terms of poor transport links, and more seriously, unable to make connections intellectually and emotionally with their closest neighbours, or even with and among their own people.†12 It has displaced the common understanding and linkages for peaceful coexistence and regional cooperation. In order to reconnect the lost connectivity, trade and commerce and more importantly to foster emotional attachment among various ethnic groups inhabiting in the region infrastructures like roads, transports, communications electricity, banking etc. must be developed adequately. Such exercise would not only enlarge the base for the growth of the economy in the region but also enhance the regional cooperation-an engine of growth in this era of globalization. Underdevelopment breeds insurgency and insurgency retards development. Th is two are mutually reinforcing. This is a classic case of vicious cycle of underdevelopment-insurgency-underdevelopment. Therefore, any policy programmes either to resolve the problems of insurgency or development of much needed infrastructure should go concurrently and not sequentially as it hampered the progress of one another. Further, as it has been asserted in the Planning Commission report on Transforming the North East, the approach of the central government should change from â€Å"planning for the North East to planning with the North East†.13 This implies that, under the prevailing circumstances mere allocation of funds or implementation of new policy would not suffice to tackle the problems in the region. Considering the emotional sentiments of the inhabitants and sensitivity of the issues, the region must be handled with care. Every developmental programme for the region should have the consent of the inhabitants and needs to be executed with sincerity without delay. c.Governance â€Å"The state is responsible for the creation of conducive political, legal and economic environment for building individual capabilities and encouraging private initiatives.†14 It would, however, depend on the quality of the governance–mechanism, processes, systems, structures and institutions that guide the social, economic and political relationship. Good governance exercises its legitimate political power in a manner that is perceived as equitable, non-discriminatory, socially sensitive, participatory, transparent and accountable to the people at large. This includes not only the process of transformation of human and natural endowments to a socially desired ends but also reveals the long term vision and commitment of the state to secure human well being and sustained development of the people.15 The state of governance in the region is in pathetic condition. Government machinery is on the brink of collapse. Corruption, squandering of public funds, deteriorating law and order, lack of transparency and accountability, bureaucratic rigmarole, insensitivity and so forth are quite rampant in the region. There is widespread allegation of insurgency-government officials-bureaucrats-politician nexus, including law enforcing agencies, and siphon off public funds. All this has eroded the individual capabilities and institutional capacities to meet the social objectives. Until and unless the quality of governance has been improved, no matter how much is the fund earmarked for whatever the policy programme initiated would not be successful and only the common people have to bear the brunt. Taking into consideration of the paradigm shift in the development strategy and the amount of funds allocated16 in recent time, we may no longer be able to blame the central government in the near future. The present state of affairs in the region is past deed of the central government and what the future generation will face would be decided by what our government has done today. IV.Opportunities The economy of the region has been disrupteded by the forces discussed in the preceding section in spite of her rich natural resources. Besides the natural resources, many new opportunities have also emerged with the changing contour of world economy that can boost the economy of the region. But, the need of the hour is to focus on those areas which would lead to growth of the economy, develop the sense of participation and can extinguish the social and political chasm. The two main areas that can boost the economy are as follows: a.Tourism Tourism is one sector where the region has comparative advantage. This industry is highly competitive where the tourists have a wide range of choices and look for good value of their money. With bountiful nature’s breathtaking scenic beauty, salubrious climatic conditions, extraordinarily diverse rich art and cultural heritage of the people, this region can become a hotspot for eco and adventure tourism. Tourism industry involves a vast network of business activities relating to attracting, receiving, accommodating, managing and servicing of tourists. These include hotels, restaurants, transport agency and several other related activities. The development of this industry would promote national integration and international understanding, generate employment and revenue and provide prospective buyers for local manufactured products especially handloom and handicraft products–a dyeing industry due to lack of access to market. Tourism can generate more employment per million of rupees spent than any other activities. It can generate jobs in the remotest corners for unskilled to highly specialized skilled workers which would help in the realization of plan objectives. It would also enlarge the base of locally manufactured products. All this, however, would be possible only when there is well-developed infrastructure like transport and communication and sense of participation of the people of the region. b.Border trade The lack of connectivity and access to market, the main causes for under utilization of resources and weak resource-industry linkages, have set the economy of the region by half a century behind. The region has lost the markets in her neighbourhood, particularly in Bangladesh, due to partition, insurgency and diplomatic strains and tensions. Due to the peripheral location and stiff competition from mainland industries having better access to critical inputs like finance, technology and management, the base of traditional manufacturing in the region has been eroded leading to deindustrialization. While resource base can support a variety of industries at all scales, the existing industrial structure, dominated by small-scale demand based industries has not been developed proportionately. This has widened the gap between resource base and industrial structure in the region. Further, due to the restriction of free movement of men and material across the border, the notion of isolation h as developed in the minds of the people. It is in this context, there is a strong argument to develop border trade. In this increasingly borderless world, establishment of border trade would not only provide an opportunity to revive the local manufactured units but also serve as a transit corridor for the mainland big industrial units to explore the vast Asian market. This would also bring the centrality and visibility of the otherwise peripheral north eastern region.17 It is with this vision that ‘look east policy’ was initiated in 1991. Unfortunately, as old habits die hard; the central government still continues to live in the shadow of security obsessed mindset and prefers inward looking approach. As a result, even after fifteen years of implementation of border trade agreement, it has failed to invigorate the region’s trade with their neibhouring countries. As a result, India’s look east policy has, by and large, bypassed the region. The percentage of trade with neighbouring countries have zoom up to 8 per cent of the country’s total volume of trade in 2003-04 from a mere 1.7 per cent in 1987-88. However, over two-third of the total volume of trade with these countries flow via Bay of Bengal while the land borders of the region have been left for transit corridors for illegal trade . The tepidity of the central government in implementation of the policy has only led to rise in the porosity of these borderlands. An impressionistic assessment reveals that there is a rise in negative activities like cross-border insurgency, gunrunning, smuggling drugs, narcotics and AIDS, money laundering, trafficking women, illegal immigration etc. which further add to the existing multifarious problems in the region. Conclusion Globalization has become the most potent force emerged in recent time. It virtually affects every walk of life–positive or negative. Unlike other regions of the Indian union, North East India is more likely to swamp by its negative effects. The region is at the throes of discernible crisis. Since 1991, there has been increase in inequality and unemployment, decline in the quality of the governance, rise in smuggling, trafficking, illegal immigration, corruption, squandering of public funds, escalation in insurgency related activities, etc. These have led to underdevelopment and erosion of the capacity of the individual and quality of life. A sense of deprivation has developed particularly among the educated youths of the region. The clock is ticking fast and fuse is not long. It is time to work on a holistic approach to resolve problems in the region. Notes 1. Chanda, Nayan, 2003, â€Å"What is Globalization? Coming Together: Globalization Means Reconnecting the Human Community†, YaleGlobal Online, http://www.globalenvision.org/library/8/567. 2. Recently it has been argued that the turning point of higher growth rate in India was 1980 but not 1991 as perceived by many. For more details see Nayyar, Deepak. 2006. â€Å"Economic Growth in Independence India: Lumbering Elephant or Running Tiger?†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 15, pp. 1451-1458. 3. Some authors even argued that coastal states with open port facility have outperformed non-coastal states in the post globalization era. For more detail see Kishore, Adharsh. 2002. Towards an Indian Approach to Globalization, http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Conferences/2002/kishore.pdf. 4. Sen, Amartya, 2005, â€Å"The Three R’s of Reforms†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 40, no. 19, p. 1. 5. ibid., p. 1. 6. Sikkim becomes the member of North East Council on December 2002 after an amendment of the NEC Act 1971. Since then all development purposes of the state has been treated at per with the other seven states of the region. However, the addition of Sikkim in the North Eastern Region is yet to be reflected in the literature of NER. 7. The Report of the Special Group on Targeting Ten Million Employment Opportunities per Year over the Tenth Plan Period has viewed that Current Daily Status (CDS) is the better measure to capture unemployment than Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status (UPSS). 8. The National Human Development Report 2001 provides the estimate of Gini Coefficient for rural and urban area only. It does not provide the combine estimate of the two. 11. For more detail analysis see Roy, Sanjay K. 2005. â€Å"Conflicting Nations in North-East India†, Economic and Political weekly, vol. 40, no. 21, pp. 2176-2182. 12. Prabhakra, M. S. 2004. â€Å"Is North-East India Landlocked?†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 39, no. 42, p. 4608. 13. GOI. 1997. Transforming the North East: Tackling Backlogs in Basic Minimum Services and Infrastructure Needs, High Level Commission Report to the Prime Minister, Planning Commission, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/ne_exe.pdf, p. 2. 14. GOI. 2001. National Human Development Report, Planning Commission, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/nhdrep/nhdreportf.htm, p. 114. 15. ibid, p. 114. 16. Apart from all the constituent states being classified as Special Category States, establishment of NEC and induction of DoNER speaks the volume of fund allocated to this region. 17. Verghese, B. G., op. cit. Reference Ahluwalia, Montek S. (2000): â€Å"Economic Performance of States in Post-Reforms Period†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 35, no. 19, pp. 1637-1648. Bajpai, M. (2002): â€Å"A Decade of Economic Reforms in India: The Unfinished Agenda†, Working Paper no. 89, Center for International Development, Harvard University, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/CID/cidwp/089.pdf. Barbora, Sanjay (2006): â€Å"Rethinking India’s Counter-insurgency Campaign in North-East†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 35, pp. 3805-3812. Baruah, Sanjib: â€Å"The Problem†, http://www.manipuronline.com/North-East/November2005/theproblem23_2.htm. Bhattacharya, B. B. & S. Sakthivel (2004): â€Å"Regional Growth and Disparity in India: A Comparison of Pre and Post-Reform Decades†, http://iegindia.org/worksakthi244.pdf. Chanda, Nayan (2003): â€Å"What is Globalization? Coming Together: Globalization means reconnecting the human community†, http://www.globalenvision.org/library/8/567. Ghosh, Madhusudan (2006): â€Å"Economic Growth and Human Development in Indian States†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 30, pp. 3321-3329. GOI (1997): â€Å"Transforming the North East: Tackling Backlogs in Basic Minimum Services and Infrastructure Needs†, High Level Commission Report to the Prime Minister, Planning Commission, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/ne_exe.pdf. GOI (2001): â€Å"National Human Development Report†, Planning Commission, New Delhi, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/nhdrep/nhdreportf.htm GOI (2002): â€Å"Report of the Committee on India Vision 2020†, Planning Commission, New Delhi, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/pl_vsn2020.pdf. GOI (2004): â€Å"Report of the Twelfth Finance Commission (2005-10)†, Ministry of Finance, http://finance.rajasthan.gov.in/doc/12fcreng.pdf. Grare, Frederic & Amitabh Mattoo (2003): Beyond the Rhetoric: The Economics of India’s Look East Policy, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. Gupta, K. R. (2005): â€Å"Liberalization and Globalization of Indian Economy†, Gupta, K. R. (ed.) Liberalization and Globalization of Indian Economy, vol. VI, pp. 304-315, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. Humanshu (2007): â€Å"Recent Trends in Poverty and Inequality: Some Preliminary Results†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 497-508. Khanna, Sushil (2005): â€Å"Economic Opportunities or Continuing Stagnation†, http://www.manipuronline.com/Economy/November2005/stagnationoropportuny18_1.htm. Kishore, Adharsh (2002): Towards an Indian Approach to Globalization, http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/Conferences/2002/kishore.pdf. Kurian, N. J. (2000): â€Å"Widening Regional Disparities in India: Some Indicators†, Economic and Political weekly, vol. 35. No. 7, pp. 538-550. Nayyar, Deepak (2006): â€Å"Economic Growth in Independent India. Lumbering Elephant or Running Tiger?†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 15, pp.1451-1458. NSSO (1997): Employment and Unemployment in India, 1993-94, 50th Round, Report No. 409. NSSO (2006): Employment and Unemployment Situation in India, 2004-05, 61st Round, Report No. 515. Prabhakra, M. S. (2004): â€Å"Is North-East India Landlocked†, Economic and Political Weekly, vo. 39, no. 42, pp.4606-4608. Ramachandran, H.: â€Å"Governance and People’s Participation†, 15 Background Paper: Vision 2020, http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/reportsf.htm. Roy, Sanjay K. (2005): â€Å"Conflicting Nations in North-East India†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 40, no. 21, pp. 2176-2182. Sen, Amartya (2005): â€Å"The Three R’s of Reforms†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 40, no. 19, pp. 1971-1974. Sinha, A. K. (2005): â€Å"India: Steps Towards Liberalization and Globalization†, Gupta, K. R. (ed.) Liberalization and Globalization of Indian Economy, vol. VI, pp. 315-330, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. Sinha, Aseema: â€Å"Globalization, Rising Inequality, and New Insecurities in India†, http://209.235.207.197/imgtest/TaskForceDiffIneqDevSinha.pdf Upadhyay, Archana (2006): â€Å"Terrorism in the North-East: Linkages and Implications†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 41, no. 48, pp. 4993-4999. Verghese, B. G.: â€Å"Unfinished Business in the North East: Pointers Towards Restructuring, Reform, Reconciliation and Resurgence†, Seventh Kamal Kumari Memorial Lecture, http://www.freeindiamidia.com/economy/19_june_economy.htm.

University should be free

Thesis: University should be free. Today, university fees are usually quite high. Many students find that it is extremely difficult to find the funds to pay for an expensive education, so they look for school loans. These loans can weigh heavily on the minds of university students and put too much pressure to lead to students dropping out. Thus, free higher education is necessary for everyone. B. Terms define * University: A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. University provides both undergraduate education (also called first degree, bachelor's degree or simply degree) and postgraduate education. A postgraduate degree is one earned after receiving a Bachelor's degree. Examples of postgraduate degrees are master degree, doctor degree †¦ * University is free: University is free means that access to higher education should be available to all who desire it and should be available without regard to ability to pay. C. Background Information Today, university payment is so very high that many students cannot learn at university. Only the wealthy families can afford to send their children to universities, and the families having low incomes cannot. Moreover, those students with low-income family are hard to get good jobs that need professional skills. If students want to learn at university, they have to borrow money from government for covering the cost. That will give them the huge loans. These loans can weigh heavily on the minds of university students and put too much pressure to lead to students dropping out. Hence, university should be free for everyone. Every student can learn at university without paying tuition payment. In addition, students have more money to pay for books, rent, foods, study material, clothes when they learn at university. D. Arguments First Argument: University should be free because university fee weigh heavily on the minds of university students and students suffer with financial issue or money trouble. That is the reason for many students drop out of university. E. First argument * First Argument: University should be free because university fee weigh heavily on the minds of university students and students suffer with financial issue or money trouble. That is the reason for many students drop out of university. * University fees are usually very high. When student go to university they realize that it is too difficult to find the funds to pay for university fee. They will search for school loans. Student loans are the great help if students need some financial assistance to get through university. These loans can weigh heavily on the minds of university students, and put inordinate amounts of pressure to lead to students dropping out to earn money and pay back their student loans. In the United States, for example, many students obtain loans for higher education. The student loans debt statistics from Chronicle. com (date July 9, 2009) show that nearly 20 million Americans attend university each year. Of that 20 million, we have 60% students borrows annually to help cover cost and the average student loan debt of graduating university was about $58,000 before interest payments and typically $10,000 more including interest. This me ans that when students graduate from university, instead of working to make money for their future, they are working to make money to pay back their past. Especially, if their family could not afford their school loan, they will drop out of university to take the job. Even the jobs do not suit for students and the repayment of loans can take many years. The statistic from website http://www. asa. org shows that we have two out of five student loan borrowers – or 41% – are delinquent at some point in the first five years after entering repayment. In addition, from 2004 to 2009 there was 33% students drop out of university before earning a degree to struggle most with student loans. If university is not free, students will pay a lot of money for their study. That is the main reason lead to student drop out of university. * With free university education, student can go to university without crushing debt burden. University can offer a huge opportunity and student can study what they wish. Student will have more money to pay for their books, living, and other costs when they learn at university. * The statistics from website http://www. utoronto. ca show that the cost of living in Canada, and in particular Toronto, is very high. When students want to learn at university, they have to pay a lot of money for living expenses. In conclusion, it is clear that university should be free. University should be available to all who desire it and should be available without regard to ability to pay. Because the cost that students pay for their study at university is very high, many students will drop out of school to take jobs, earn money and pay back their student loans. Students cannot get the good jobs because they do not finish their study to ge t the graduation. It takes many years for students repay the debt. H. Conclusion University should be free for every student. When they study at university, they will pay a lot of money for studying cost and living cost. In addition, those costs are very high. Students have to borrow money from government to help cover cost. They cannot afford to pay back money to government. Therefore, they will drop out of university to earn money for paying the student loans. II. Opposition: A. Proposition’s argument 1: Universities need money to buy modern equipment for supplying student a good study environment. III. Rebuttal A. Review i. Thesis: University should be free. Today, university fees are usually quite high. Many students find that it is extremely difficult to find the funds to pay for an expensive education, so they look for school loans. These loans can weigh heavily on the minds of university students and put too much pressure to lead to students dropping out. Thus, free higher education is necessary for everyone. ii. Arguments 1. First argument: University should be free because university fee weigh heavily on the minds of university students and students suffer with financial issue or money trouble. That is the reason for many students drop out of university. B. Defend Argument . First argument: It is too expensive for students to pay tuition fees plus books, living, and other cost. * When students learn at university, they have to pay the tuition payment and they still have problems with paying for books, housing and food. People talk about education is free, and they forget such elements as housing and books. It is normal for students from countries with free education in Europe t o leave the university with a big loan. Education is indeed an investment and paying pack government the money you loaned to live while studying is reasonable. It is not only tuition payment that makes education expensive, but also rising living cost and lack of financial-support make education payment is more expensive. If university is free, students only pay for books, rent, foods, study material, clothes, and of course their nights out. Moreover, they do not pay for the tuition payment. If not, students will have to work in order to pay for tuition payment and living cost while studying. By working, students are most likely to skip their classes if their shifts overlap their schedules. Furthermore, they will not have enough time to study and review their lessons. When they are at school, they will most likely to fall asleep and cannot pay attention in class. * The Pew Research Center's 2011 study discovered that 57 percent of students who dropped out preferred to work and earn money, while 48 percent could not afford university whether they were working or not, and 50 percent of students do not pass the exams during their first semester of university when they are working part time jobs while studying. If university is free, students do not work to earn money, do not pay for student loans in the future, and will have more money to pay for books, rent, foods, study material, clothes. C. Attack opposition’s Arguments 1. First argument : Universities need money to buy modern equipment for supplying student a good study environment. – If universities need money to buy modern equipment for supplying student a good study environment, the tuition fee will be very high. Therefore, only students with wealthy families can go to university, and students with low-income families cannot. Thus, university should be free and education should be for everyone. * Whether university education should be free and reachable for both rich people and poor people is one of many burning problem that the education is dealing at the moment. If university education is not free, only the wealthy families can afford to give their children to universities, and the families having low incomes cannot because the higher education is so expensive. If students do not have money to pay, students have to borrow money from the government that will give them a huge loan, and they have to pay back after their studies done. It is also important to remember the cost outside the school with housing and books. This is unfair for the people who do not have the family money or the wealth that other people have. The students who are the poor family will not afford to attend university, they cannot get higher education and they will get a lower paid job. * The statistics form website www. ostsecondary. org, date May 02, 2012, show that while 79% of students born into the top income in the U. S. obtain bachelor’s degrees, only 11% of students from bottom families graduate from four-year universities. Put another way, about 55% of the bachelor’s degrees awarded in the U. S. went to students from top families with 2010 income above $98,875; 9. 4% of those degrees went to students with family income below $33,000. Therefore, sonly students from high-income families can learn at university because the tuition payments are very high. University should be free and education should be for everyone. Every student will have the opportunity to study. This means there would be more students going to university and more students will have higher degrees. Students will get the good jobs and bright future. D. Conclusion Therefore, we should say that university should be free for everyone. Every student can learn at university. Without paying tuition fee, students can get higher degrees without taking student loans, have more money for paying living cost, and have a bright future with a good job.Reference University fee should be free. (2013). Retrieved from http://debatewise.org/debates/1315-university-fees-should-be-scrapped/ Why University Education should be Free. (Tuesday, October 2, 2007). Retrieved from http://debatewise.org/debates/1315-university-fees-should-be-scrapped/ Poor Students Are The Real Victims Of College Discrimination. (5/02/2012). Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/danielfisher/2012/05/02/poor-students-are-the-real-victims-of-college-discrimination/ Casil. (2013). What Percentage of College Students Fail Their First Semester? Retrieved from http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/percentage-college-students-fail-first-sem

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Marketing plan - Essay Example The application of these media would facilitate the building of a loyal customer base. The products of Pizza Restaurant are Pizza and other food items. However a lot of the customers like to spend their time in the restaurant because they like leisure and entertainment activities. Therefore the critical factor is to design a message that will appeal to the emotions of the customers. The message should communicate the exciting features that are offered by the restaurant. One possible message can be: Pizza Restaurant delivers the best products in town. This simple message will appeal to the emotions of the customers, particularly when delivered through attractive audio-visuals. Such a message broadcast online and through TV can communicate to the mass market and create an emotional appeal for Pizza Restaurant. Answer to Question 2 The most important element is the positioning strategy. Implementing an effective positioning strategy will enable Pizza restaurant to emphasize upon the uni que quality of its products and services (Armstrong and Kotler, 2005). Since the restaurant will be targeting customers most of whom are from rich families, the critical success factor is to create a unique positioning within the minds of the customers (Fred, 2006).

Svedka Vodka Strategy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Svedka Vodka Strategy - Article Example However there was a gap in between the high end and the low end, i.e. there was no mid sized segment in the market as of now. In this scenario there was a chance of launching a new product into the vacuum mid sized segment with suitable marketing strategies and outlook. â€Å"Svedka† the to be launched mid segment vodka had many obstacles to encounter for entering into the already established vodka market. Since it was new, new techniques both in the production and marketing levels have to be adopted. The product should be of high drinking quality and should be distinguished for its soft silky drinkability. 1. Branded vodka has its mark in US market. International brands like Smirnoff, Absolut etc have created brand awareness in the market. The prices offered by both these leading brands were in between $20 and $25. Svedka was planned to introduce in the mid sized segment because there were no real competitors in the offing. Moreover cost reduction techniques like outsourcing of production which was a major strength of Svedka enabled the product to be sold on a lower price. The under $10 market of vodka was nearly 80% of the total market share of the spirit therefore the chances of success of Svedka is bright provided it be introduced in a planned way. A competitive pricing strategy should be adopted for this purpose, may be market oriented pricing or penetrating pricing(Kotler,Keller,Brady,Goodman&Hansen). The real competitor for Svedka would be from Smirnoff which was selling vodka a price of $10 per bottle, Smirnoff enjoyed a huge 19.7% share in the market. However by the entrance of Absolut, Smirnoff was under pressure. Therefore if Svedka was introduced properly in the mid tier segment, it could really tap the potential and give a real time competition to Smirnoff. The other brands which are under $10 per bottle are Gordon and Popov, which have only a very little market share. Another important aspect in this scenario is that Svedka due to its cost effective strategy is able to offer of 25% to wholesaler and 30% to 35% to retailers. This is considerably high according to normal industrial standards hence it could provide a boost to wholesalers and retailers to sell Svedka. 2. Marketing strategy is a process by which an organization concentrates on its limited resources and cashes on its greatest opportunities in order to increase sales and achieve a sustainable and competitive advantage. The marketing strategy should be centered on customer satisfaction (Kotler,Keller,Brady,Goodman&Hansen). Customers are more aware of prices of the products they buy along with the quality. Of course, Svedka has quality because it is manufactured raw. Therefore the price segment should be given much importance. The market share of low priced vodka is around 80% therefore Svedka if priced less, I.e, below $10 could command greater respect from its customers. Another important aspect that has to be considered is the reach of the product to the cu stomers. For this purpose a brand image has to be created just like Smirnoff used to do. Svedka should appeal to new vodka drinkers along with up graders. It should be a choice for both price driven groups. Target customers who are not brand loyal but young should be tapped and developed. Advertising should be cost effective and appealing like eye shelf

Usability Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Usability Evaluation - Essay Example Instructions should be provided before answering the survey. The respondents should know the objective in conducting the survey. Moreover, creating an online questionnaire is professional. Therefore, the respondents should take questions more seriously if it is presented in a more professional manner. To create online survey, it is also very important that each question have to be evaluated in gathering the information that is required and to lead the wording response option so that the goal in conducting the survey is achieved (Sue & Ritter, 2007).   Assess the reliability of the collected data and include the survey report. It is important to assess critically the current methods that help to find the best quality of data collected except in exceptional situations. The adequate degree of reliability is attained when the scores are represented correctly in a constructive and quality manner using investigations that significantly shows the validity of that data. Validity of the col lected data is mostly examined using investigated sources and the systematic variations that are observed regularly.  There are two broad criteria that data quality can be identified. The responses from the sources must be meaningful. This means that, the researchers collecting data should reflect something other than a random checking of alternatives. This implies that the responses should reflect on a true assessment of particular behavior such as frequency of purchase and true assessment of some personal characteristic.

UK Policy Makers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

UK Policy Makers - Case Study Example It is surprising why they do not ask themselves the crucial question" who are we working for and whose interest are we serving The answer would surely not be the councilor but the organization. The planning department was formed with the clear objective of providing a medium and a platform whereby the government officials could work in harmony with the developers and come forward with solutions on how to develop property in future, how to grant licenses and facilitating the developers with other such legal matters. However, the current stance of the officials of the planning development is full of negativity and they seek reasons to reject any and all applications irrespective of their compliance or non-compliance with the policies. The councilor himself seems to have no stringent code of conduct whereby he has indulged five times in lobbying and trying to influence the planning officer into declining my application for development. If this might be vague in convincing one of his intentions, he even appointed a temporary planning officer, to cover for Mr. F in his short absence from work, who more than stood up to the expectations of his boss and indulged in racism, negligence and lying , all witnessed by two witnesses with written statements. In the following statements, please take note of the... 1. Abuse of Power/Invasion of Privacy: The leave of Mr. F, my case officer and also the person who had recommended my application for approval, was en-cashed and made use of to suit their own ends and Mr. S. was ordered by Mr. W to take over Mr. F's responsibilities in his absence. Eager to please his boss, Mr. S wrote an appeal to refuse the application and to visit the site without prior notice. The question to be asked at this point in time is: Is a temporary planning officer, working as a temporary replacement only, entitled to such authority that he can contradict another officer's recommendation and write an appeal for the rejection of a case The second question that comes to mind is, why was I, being a proprietor and having complete ownership rights of it, not informed prior to conducting such a site visit The second offence is linked to this unannounced "Site Visit". 2. Breaking of statutory laws: Mr. S, or for that matter any planning officer in his place, is bound by law to issue a notification to the owner 24-48 hours before the site visit. 3. Entering Private Property under false pretences: Mr. S. lied to my tenants about the purpose of their visit and entered the site by mis-informing them : -They had my permission to visit the site -They were working in my interest 4. Racial Profiling: Mr. S on his site visit, disclosed personal information to my tenants in order to get friendly with them to take out information from them about me. Racial discrimination or profiling at any level is not encouraged much less from personnel bearing the Government assigned designations. The question to be asked at this level is, In effect

Risk and Return Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk and Return - Assignment Example According to CAPM, r = Rf +? (Km - Rf ) Where r= Expected return of the security Rf = Risk free rate ?=beta of the security Km= expected return of the market RA= 0.06+0.27(0.25-0.06) =0.1113 =11.13% RB =0.06+0.75(0.25-0.06) =0.2025 =20.25% Characteristic Lines of Securities A and B The SCL:Ri,t -Rf =?i +?i (RM,t - Rf ) + diversifiable risk ? is the excess return ?i (RM,t - Rf ) represents the non diversifiable risk The security characteristics line is drawn to show the excess return of the investment over that that of the market. The y-axis represents the excess return over the risk free rate. The x-axis represents the excess return over the market in general. The slope of the SCL represents the beta of the individual security. The main reason for the determination of the security characteristics line is to show the performance of a security relative to that of the market. Investors who want to put their finances in investments are interested in securities that will pose performance that is higher than the market or is at par with that of the market. From the slope of the security characteristics line, it is easier for investors to see the alpha of the security and also to compare the performance of the security relative to others. Moreover, a security characteristics line reveals the quantity of both the systematic and unsystematic risk (Roll & Ross 1980). Systematic risks are those that cannot be minimized through diversification and the investors must avoid investments with higher systematic risk. Likewise, the level of unsystematic risk can also be revealed from the diagram. To interpret the diagrams, the lines with high gradients re taken to have a higher beta factor and are therefore more risky than those with lower gradients. At the same time, the return of securities with higher gradients will exhibit high return level. In the diagram as well, the y-intercept represents the alpha value i.e. the excess of the return of an investments over the risk free r ate of return (Roll & Ross 1980). On the other hand, the x-intercept represents the excess of the security return over that of the market. A security with a high value of X-intercept has a higher return than those of the lower x-intercept values. It is therefore clear that a security characteristics line is an important tool that investors rely on when making investment decisions and should be able to help in the making of investment decisions. The security characteristics line therefore reveals the properties of the respective securities. Question 2 The arbitrage pricing theory is an asset pricing model that was developed due to the limitations of the capital asset pricing model. APT is a multifactor model that considers the various macroeconomic factors affecting the pricing of a security (Roll & Ross 1980). In this model, the risk free rate is added to all the macroeconomic factors affecting the pricing of the asset with each factor having its own beta. According to the arbitrage pricing theory, the return of a security is determined by the formula: r= Rf + ?2F2+ ?3F3+†¦..+ ?nFn Where r=return of a security ? i’s=betas of respective factors Fi’s= macroeconomic factors affecting the returns The APT is therefore a multifactor model and the arbitrage process is the selling of the inefficient securities in inefficient markets in order to maximize the return on the assets. In this process the overvalued assets are sold in order to get the profits and undervalued

Critical analysis of the associated persons provisions of Part III of Essay - 1

Critical analysis of the associated persons provisions of Part III of the Family Law Act 1996 (in particular section s.62(3)) - Essay Example As the ‘associated persons’ clause has major influence in deciding the nature and extent of domestic violence, it has been mainly discussed under present study. A wide range of people are able to apply for orders under Part IV of family act 1996. Under the previous law, only current spouses and cohabitants could apply for non-molestation orders. Under the new Act, a number of different categories of "associated person" are able to apply for such an order, including current and former spouses, current and former cohabitants, those who have agreed to marry one another, and certain relatives. An associated person other than a spouse, former spouse, cohabitant, or former cohabitant may only apply for an occupation order on a property where they are already entitled to occupy it 2. There is a strong need to balance the interests of innocent associated persons and victims. Helen Reece discussed about the empirical, principled and empirical rationales relating to acts comprising of ‘associated persons’ clause. He opined that with reference to the empirical rationale, the extent of violence that the aggregate of associated persons suffers is not high enough to justify privileging associated persons over other citizens with regard to protection from violence. He also pointed that as far as the principled rationale is concerned, the impetus for domestic violence legislation was based on isolation and inequality, which are not experienced in particular by the category of associated persons when taken as a whole. As far as the ideological rationale is concerned, it is saddening to note that intimacy and equality are emerging as the touchstones of a newer rationale for domestic violence legislation, which rightly has more to do with isolation and inequality than intimacy and equality (Helen Reece, 2006). However thorough study and analysis of the section 62 (3) of Part IV of Family law act 1996 is necessary to critically evaluate the role of associated

Sustainable Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sustainable Project Management - Essay Example ng the social, environmental, and economical interests in project management life cycle to attain a bearable, sustainable and equitable environment (Kohler & et.al., 2012). In other words, it bonds the people, planet, and profits realized in a construction project. This paper discusses sustainable project management under four concepts; project quality, economic studies (risks and benefits), construction waste management, and build operation and maintenance. Rose (2005) defines quality as the total characteristics of a product that satisfies the implied needs. A construction project has an anticipated project deliverables. Therefore, project quality management is a process that ensures that the delivered project meets the value for money to the client. The details of the scope of works and contract specification document determine the expected and the level of quality. Project quality management should be compatible with ISO 9000 and ISO 1000 quality standards as well as the guidelines. Project quality also focuses on management of the project and the delivered. Project appraisal is a forecasting technique rather than a formulation one. Despite this, there is no forecast without problems (risks). Uncertainties in certain scenarios can be transformed to risks. Therefore the risks are subjected to empirical measurement, analyzed and managed. Risk assessment is a study of existing probabilities that the project will attain a satisfactory performance. The following are the recommended steps for assessing project risks; Cost-benefit analysis is the commonly used appraisal technique for evaluating construction projects. It is required by the client to ascertain the value for money for the delivered project. A sustained project is thus that which he benefits outweigh costs. Cost-benefit analysis is a process that determines the pros and cons on the project life cycle. It is concerned with the benefits from quality management versus the costs of quality management

How does the weather from a meteorologist stand point affect playing Essay

How does the weather from a meteorologist stand point affect playing football - Essay Example When making football predictions people usually take into consideration factors such as history, temporary form of team, statistics, suspended and injured players. However, they rarely check the weather, a factor that is often overlooked but can greatly influence the football matches outcome. Weather conditions not only affect individual players, but also affect the condition of the football pitch and this can affect players’ performance (Wesson, 2002). A particular weather condition affects how players play, how they pass, as well as their ability to determine how effective certain tactics are within that system. True professionals in football clubs are aware of the importance of weather. This explains the reason why most of major football clubs hire the services of professional meteorologists to obtain the most accurate information regarding the conditions on the time and day of the game (American Football Coaches Association, 2002). This paper will discuss how the weather f rom a meteorologist standpoint affects playing football. One of the most common weather situations in football is the rainy weather. This situation makes the football ground more slippery and may cause the ball to move faster and to slide. However, this condition may be perfect for teams who like quick movements with many tactics and short passes (Hyde, 2009). If the rain becomes quite strong or continues for a long time, the pitch will be over flooded and this will disrupt passes and slow down the ball. This is especially true for matches that are played on fields with poor drainage system and which are not able to keep the ground in perfect condition. Since such conditions makes heavy tackles inevitable, they tend to favor teams with better physical shape (Biskup, 2010). It is for this reason that it is critical for meteorologists to examine whether it will rain, and how much rain is expected. In rainy conditions, football pitch is likely to be slippery and this can have a major i mpact on the number of goals that can be scored in a given match. Rain will not only impede safe capture of the ball by the goalkeeper, but also will reduce the ball’s visibility in the long shots (Hurley, 2013). The second most common weather situation in football is the windy weather. Wind affects any sport that involves flying objects in an open place. Strong wind can affect teams who prefer playing with long passes because it changes the ball’s movement and players must take into consideration the direction of the wind. Strong winds may impact playing conditions, with throwing and kicking becoming especially hard (Wesson, 2002). Unlike other weather conditions, wind tends to affect both teams equally; it is considered to be an equal-opportunity hazard. It causes players to have more runs and this means less overall plays because plays use more time. As a result, there are less field goal attempts due to reduced passing effectiveness. Also, the winds have an impact on the fans attending a football match (Guy and Sang, 2009). Besides, football fans enjoying tailgating have to make sure that all their personal items are securely held down, or risk having them being blown away. However, it should be noted that that the effect of wind on playing football is prominent only in significantly windy conditions that exceed 15 mph. In addition, temperature is a weather

Develop a stock market Essay Example for Free

Develop a stock market Essay (a) Dependable law and regulations The existence of dependable laws and regulations, not only from the government but also from the enterprises themselves is a necessary conditions since these all the organizations to compete and cooperate with the oversea and worldwide companies. (b) Resolution of policy risk Investor confidence in reliable property right and stable, market-oriented policies are a necessary condition for financial integration and the development of emerging stock markets. Announced market-oriented policies may be reversed, however, and are initially not fully credible. We argue that sustained privatization and liberalization programmes represent a major test of political commitment to safer private property rights, successful privatization has a significant effect on emerging stock market development through the resolution of policy risk, i.e. the risk of ex post policy changes with redistributive impact on investment returns. The evidence showed the progress in privatization gradually leads to increased confidence. (c) Promoting healthy financial institutions Healthy financial institutions especially banks, is a crucial prerequisite for financial stability. The largest number of crises still arise, be it in emerging market economies or industrial countries, from financial institutions overextending themselves when times seem good and then retrenching violently afterwards. Governance would first benefit from a greater internal focus on risk-adjusted rates of return, particularly when rewarding traders and credit officers. The relentless pursuit of shareholder value, without this crucial adjustment, could prove a very dangerous strategy. (d) Developing worldwide acceptable accounting and audit standard It is recommended profession should be is self-regulated through accounting  standard board instead of regulate by government, improve the credible of accounting and auditing report up to international accounting system (IAS) standards.

Grief, death and the psychology of dying

Grief, death and the psychology of dying Different people of different religions, race, age and culture have different perceptions of death and the way to go about the loss. The following research tries to explain why people behave the way they do in their different manner. It defines death and grief, why, when and how they occur. It also explains about the misconceptions that people have about death and grief. It gives a more understanding of these phenomena and explores what people go through when they experience them. The paper also gives solutions on how a person should handle the situation once it has happened to him. Grief is the reaction to loss; it is mainly associated with a loss of something or someone to whom a person had formed a bond with. A person can respond to grief emotionally, socially, physically or even through the way they behave. Grief is caused by loss of a variety of things. It can be as a result of a divorce, an illness, loss of someones possessions, status, employment, pets and loved ones (OConnor, Irwin, Wellisch, 2009). Different people react differently when they go through a loss. The different reactions may be as a result of what one has lost. These reactions may be manifested from one person to another or within the same person. The different reactions emanate from peoples diversity cultures, personalities, age, religious and spiritual practices and beliefs (Kubler, 1991) Grief exacerbates both and physical and psychiatric morbidity. This is common especially after a loss of a spouse. During this period, the bereaved usually exhibits symptoms such as headaches, heart palpitations, dizziness and trembling. The bereaved also tends to suffer from depressive symptoms during the first year after the loss. Those who are bereaved young tend to take more symptom relief drugs as well as showing more physical distress than older people. For the older people, the number of visits to the physician as well as hospitalization increases during the time of physical distress. Grieving is an early and old phenomenon. During the olden days, people used to seek help with their grief from religious leaders, extended families, and close neighborhoods as well religious institutions. Today, because of secularization, lack of a sense of community and lack of belief in formal religion, has led to the bereaved seeking help from health workers (Worden, 2002). Children differ in mourning with adults. They tend to return to an earlier behavior like clinging to a toy, thumb sucking or even depicting an angry behavior. They are not mature to mourn like adults but they mourn intensely. A loss in childhood can result to emotional problems as well as physical illness. This poses a great risk as the child can contemplate suicide or become a delinquent. This is mostly common in adolescents (Kubler, 1991) Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross believed that grief has its own stages. These stages include emotional reactions like denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. She advises that understanding grief is an important part of the human experience as it is a necessary response that helps to heal from the overwhelming experience of loss (Kubler, 1991) Dr. Kubler suggests some of the things that a griever can engage in order to overcome grief. Some of these things may include participating in support groups which may either be faith based or secular. Those people going through a complicated grieving process are advised to attend a therapy session with a psychologist or any other qualified professional dealing with mental health. She also advises grievers to take food supplements as well as eating healthy foods (Kubler, 1991) Exercise and work outs like jogging and aerobics are also recommended during this period of grieving. Grieving is also an emotional drainer process thus she recommends enough rest for the person grieving. Places of worship are also known to be very helpful in providing solace and comfort to those grieving. Dr. Kubler recommends that grievers show emotions whenever possible like letting the tears to flow as this facilitates the healing process (Kubler, 1991) At this point of grieving, the griever requires a lot of acceptance and support from friends, family or the people around. The griever may depict a wide range of emotions that may require a lot of understanding from people around (OConnor, Irwin, Wellisch, 2009). To grieve is more than just to show sadness. It involves positive experiences when it deepens interpersonal connections. Grief can cause great wear and tear to both the psyche and the physical body. It is experienced in a very personal way although there are some commonalities to grief. Different people may go through similar reactions to grief such as nightmares, hallucinations and problems with appetite. Other people may experience sleeping disorders while others may go short of breath. Intense or complicated grief can result to complicated responses. These responses may include suicide attempts, murders, shock and even mental disorders. Grief which is complicated can be debilitating, it involves pangs of painful emotions which are recurrent. It may also involve intense longing and yearning for the lost person or thing and also thoughts which are preoccupied with the lost person or thing. Death It is the cessation or termination of biological functions that make up a living organism. Death refers to both a particular event and the condition that result thereby. Many religious beliefs tend to be concerned more with the condition than a particular event. People have different perceptions of dying and death. Many wonder how it occurs or whether the dying just accepts death quietly. Many questions also linger in our minds whether the dying think of their possible decomposition, being consumed by maggots or rotting in hell (Piven, 2004). The process of dying is a process that is known because it is witnessed and described by those involved in it. Certain factors influence the dying experience. These are interpersonal relationships, gender, nature of a disease and the treatment environment, and age. A young child may not understand the nature of death as a mature adult with diverse life experiences would. The dying process is also influenced by gender as a result of different roles played by women and men. A dying man is more likely to think of financial provisions for his family while a dying woman is more concerned with family integrity. Individuals who have experienced a poor interpersonal relationship experience a greater distress while dying than one who had a good relationship (Wass Neimeyer, 1995). Death is seen to be an event as it occurs in a particular time, at a particular place and in a particular way. Death is also seen to be a condition as one is seen to be incapable of carrying the important functions of life. It is a condition that is not reversible. It is also a universal certainty. It forms the centre of many organizations and traditions. Death can be accidental, intentional or natural. Many species die from predation. Intentional activities causing death may involve death by ones self i.e. suicide, death by others i.e. homicide and calamities like war. Death by natural causes is mostly caused indirectly by human activities (Appel, 2005). To determine whether a person is dead or not, there are signs that one can look for. Some of these signs may include; respiration cessation. Breathing stoppage is a good sign that a person is dead. Lack of body metabolism can also suggest that a person is no longer alive. Other signs are a lack of a pulse, body becoming pale a few minutes after the person dies, body temperature reducing and stiffness of the corpse limbs (Appel, 2005). Death can be clinical or legal. When a person ceases to breathe and to circulate blood, the person is declared to be clinically dead. This happens when a person gets a cardiac arrest or the heart simply stops to beat. During this time, the person losses consciousness and the brain activities stop. Procedures to resuscitate the patient are initiated. These include putting the patient under cardiac life support machine which attempts to restart a heartbeat. The resuscitation continues until the recovery of a heartbeat or when a physician determines that the recovery is impossible and the patient is declared legally dead. A brain dead patient with heart and lungs that are functioning can be pronounced to be legally dead (Safar, 1988). Legally, the state brain dead defines death. This occurs when the brain activities both voluntary and involuntary are irreversible and hence cannot sustain life. Irreversible loss of brain functions is caused by direct trauma to the head as a result of a gunshot wound or an accident caused by a motor vehicle. Loss of brain functions can also be caused by massive hemorrhage as result of high blood pressure complications (Murray, 1990). Legal death is when a qualified personnel declares that a patient does not require further medical care and the patient be pronounced dead under the law. Some of the circumstances favorable for a person to be pronounced legally dead is when brain dead. This is when the brain activity is not detected. Psychology of dying According to psychologists, when going through the process of dying one goes through the experience of pain, regret, and fear of the unknown. Our social systems also break down death into distinctive dreads. Example, as a means to obtain moral obedience, religions mold death anxiety into fear of agonizing hell (Wass Neimeyer, 1995). The fears and ideas that people have about death are not innate; they are learnt from their cultural and social environments. A particular cultures system of death conditions the behaviors of the living. For instance, their willingness to receive an organ transplant, suicide contemplation, their will to take risks, to purchase a life insurance, preference for cremation or burial, their attitude towards abortion or capital punishment and their hope for resurrection Religion is also known to shape peoples attitudes toward death. This could be positive or negative. The more religious members display a more consistent attitude of death as measured by the level of fear of death. Those who believe in afterlife have a coherent understanding of situations related to death. Death anxiety, threat and fear result into other forms of psychological distress. Health status is unrelated to the level of fear and anxiety of death (Wass Neimeyer, 1995). Pursuing a death-exposure profession like medicine or attending the morgue does not necessarily increase the fear of death or anxiety. Those professionals or volunteers who work closely with the dying show reduced fear of death and much death competency. Physicians usually have a difficult time with their patients whom they know have no chance of recovery. Telling a patient about his dying is never justified. On the same note, to withhold a patients dying information is not warranted. According to Dr. Kubler (1991), people regardless of their age, religious orientation, race or cultures recognize when they are about to die. Some may start bidding farewell even if death is not expected. Dr. Kubler equates death to being born into a different existence. To die is like to move from one house to another only a more beautiful house this time. It does not matter how death may have occurred because the experience is the same (Kubler, 1991). When one dies, i.e. when the soul leaves the body, it is still possible to perceive what is happening around the dying place i.e. where the body was left. One is able to register everything with a new awareness different from the earthly consciousness. This happens the same way as when one is lying unconscious having a surgery. During surgery, many patients have an out of body experience where they watch surgeons work on them and can actually hear them talk. The same thing happens when a dying patient is in a deep coma. The patient can neither move nor talk but can hear and understand everything being said to him (Kubler, 1991). Nobody dies alone. When one leaves the physical existence, one joins another existence where time, space or distance does not exist. The power of thought is able to bridge long distances in a split of a second. Many people have experienced this when someone who lived many thousands of miles away suddenly appears to them and then later come to realize that they just passed away a few hours or days ago. When patients are on their deathbeds, they report to see people whom they used to see and play with when they were little, only to have forgotten their existence when they grew up. These people die peacefully and happy knowing that someone who loves them will be waiting for them. Generally, people waiting for us on the other side are those who loved us the most (Kubler, 1991). People die at different times; as little children, as young people or very old people. According to Dr. Kubler, the young have already learnt what they were supposed to learn and the old have accomplished what they were supposed to do at the time of their death. If we live well, we will not worry about dying (Kubler, 1991). Conclusion Different people of different religions, race, age and culture have different perceptions of death and the way to go about the loss. The study has identified grief as a reaction to loss, where the victim responds in an emotional, social and physical manner to portray his/her state. In this case, the study has identified that the different reactions exhibited by people as a result of death varies with their diversity cultures, personalities, age, religion and spiritual practices and beliefs. The study has identified several stages taken in a grief process. These include emotional reactions like denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. There are, however different ways of overcoming grief, the study has identified a simple method as group participation in a faith based or secular to be an effective approach. On the other hand, individuals undergoing through a complicated grieving process are advised to attend a therapy session with a psychologist or any other qualified professional dealing with mental health. Eating food supplements and healthy eating habits also helps to overcome grief. Death is seen to be an event as it occurs in a specified time, place, and in a certain way. Death is also seen to be a condition as one is seen to be incapable of carrying the important functions of life. It is a condition that is not reversible. Dr. Kubler has argued that people, regardless of their age, religious orientation, race or cultures recognize when they are about to die. People die at different times; as little children, as young people or very old people. When one dies, i.e. when the soul leaves the body, it is still po ssible to perceive what is happening around the dying place.

Determination of Substance through Density

Determination of Substance through Density DExperiment #1 DENSITY OF SUBSTANCES Prepared by Paul Okweye and Malinda Gilmore Purpose of the Experiment To learn about the properties of matter such as density that are used as a method of physical identification. In this experiment the objectives are: To teach the correct use of a balance and graduated cylinders, To determine the densities of solids, pure liquids and solutions, To determine percent errors during experimental analysis, and To teach the use of graphing of experimental data. Background Information Density, like boiling point, color, odor, solubility, and melting point, is a physical property of matter. Therefore, density may be used in identifying matter. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and is expressed mathematically as d = m / v (Equation 1: d is density, m is mass, and v is volume). The density of a sample of matter represents the mass contained within a unit volume of space in the sample. The units of density, therefore, are quoted in terms of grams per milliliter (g/ml) or grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) for most solid and liquid samples of matter. The density of a sample represents the mass of the specific sample divided by its volume. density (g/ml) = mass (g) à · volume (ml or cm3) Eqn. 1 Often, a density varies with temperature because of the volume of the sample such as gases. Therefore, densities are usually determined and reported at room temperature (about 25oC; see Table 1). References such as chemical handbooks always specify the temperature at which a density was measured. As previously stated, density can be used as a method of identification. Various things that density can be useful for are listed below: Table 1. Densities of various substances at room temperature, 25oC. Density is often used as a point of identification in the determination of an unknown substance. The density of the unknown might be used to characterize the unknown from a list of known substances. It is very unlikely for two substances to have the same density, and when added with boiling point and melting point it adds even more validity to the identity of the substance. Density can also be used to determine the concentration of solutions in certain instances. When a substance is dissolved in water, the density of the solution will be different from that of the pure water itself. Handbooks list detailed information about the densities of solutions as a function of their composition (typically, in terms of percent substance in the solution). If a sample is known to contain only a single substance, the density of the solution can be measured experimentally, and then the handbook can be consulted to determine what concentration of the substance gives rise to the measured solution density. Several techniques are used for the determination of density of substances. In general, a density determination involves the determination of the mass of the sample divided by the determination of the volume of the sample. However, the method used for determining mass or volume depends on whether or not the sample is a solid or a liquid. For solid samples, the volume of the solid can be determined using Archimedes’s principle, which states that an insoluble, nonreactive solid will displace a volume of liquid equal to its own volume. Typically, a solid is added to a liquid in a volumetric container (such as a graduated cylinder) and the change in the liquid level is determined. For liquids, very precise values of density may be determined by measuring an accurate volume of liquid in a container that can then be weighed and then determining the mass of the liquid that was measured. A convenient container for determining the volume of a liquid is to weigh a particular volume of liquid in a graduated cylinder. The density of substances is very important especially when talking about buoyancy the tendency or capacity to remain afloat in a liquid or rise in air or gas. Often one asks the question, â€Å"Why does ice float in water?† The answer to that question depends totally on density of the substances involved. When dealing with water, water can be in the form of ice, liquid or solid (Table 2). The density of ice is 0.917 g/cm3 and then density of water in its liquid state at 25oC (room temperature) is 0.999 g/cm3. Therefore, the density of ice is less than the density of water so that is why ice floats in water. Temperature (oC) Density of Water (g/cm3) 0 (ice) 0.91700 0 (liquid water) 0.99984 2 0.99994 4 0.99997 10 0.99970 25 0.99707 100 0.95836 Table 2. Temperature Dependence of Water Density Safety Precautions Safety goggles and lab coat / apron are required for this lab The solutions used in this lab are flammable. Use them only as directed Materials and Chemicals Graduated cylinders (25 mL, 50 ml, and 100 mL) Balance Regular Solid Sample Irregular Solid Sample Liquid Sample (Isopropyl Alcohol) Distilled Water Sodium Chloride (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% solutions) Procedures A. Determination of the Density of Solids Obtain a regular shaped solid (cubic metal). On your data sheet, write down the name of the solid and describe its appearance. Using a balance, weigh the regular shaped solid. Weigh it on a balance to the nearest 0.01 g. Record the weight on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Weight of the Solid.† Using a 100-mL graduated cylinder, add 75 mL of distilled water. Record the exact volume of water in the graduated cylinder to the precision permitted by the calibration marks on the cylinder. Record this volume on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Initial Volume of Water for the Solid†. Gently place the regular solid (cubic metal) into the cylinder (do not drop the metal because it could splash the water in the graduated cylinder). Read the level of the water in the graduated cylinder, again making your determination to the precision permitted by the calibration marks on the cylinder. Record this volume on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Final Volume of Water for the Solid.† The change in the water (Vsolid = Vf – Vi) level represents the volume of the solid. Calculate the density of the regular solid (cubic metal) using Equation 1. Record the calculated value (experimental value) of the density on the data sheet in the section label â€Å"Experimental Value of Density of Solid.† Compare the calculated (experimental value) density of the regular solid (cubic metal) with the actual density value provided in Table 3. Record the actual density on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Actual Density of the Solid.† Calculate the percent error of your measurement. Record value on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Percent Error of Solid†. Note: Percent Error = Experimental Value – Actual Value x 100% Accepted Value Dry the regular solid (cubic metal) with a paper towel and return the sample to your instructor. B. Density of Pure Liquids Pure Water (Distilled Water) Clean and dry a 50 ml graduated cylinder. Accurately weigh the dry graduated cylinder using a balance. Record weight on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Initial Weight of the Graduated Cylinder (Water).† Add 45 mL of water to the graduated cylinder. Record the exact volume of the water in the cylinder, to the level of precision permitted by the calibration marks on the barrel of the cylinder on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Volume of Water†. Weigh the graduated cylinder and water as accurately as possible. Record weight on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Final Weight of the Graduated Cylinder (Water).† Calculate the density of the water using Equation 1. Record the calculated value (experimental value) of the density on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Experimental Value of Density of Water.† Determine the temperature of the water in the cylinder. You will use the temperature of the water to determine which density value of water to use from Table 2. Record the temperature on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Temperature of Water.† Compare the calculated (experimental value) density of the water with the actual density listed in Table 2. Record the actual density on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Actual Density of the Water.† Calculate the percent error. Record value on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Percent Error of Water†. Clean and dry the graduated cylinder. Rubbing Alcohol Obtain a sample of rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol = rubbing alcohol). Clean and dry a 10 ml graduated cylinder. Weigh the dry graduated cylinder as accurately as you can with the balances you have available. Record weight on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Initial Weight of the Graduated Cylinder (Rubbing Alcohol).† Add 5 mL of rubbing alcohol to the graduated cylinder. Record the exact volume of the alcohol in the cylinder, to the level of precision permitted by the calibration marks on the barrel of the cylinder on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Volume of Rubbing Alcohol.† Weigh the graduated cylinder and rubbing alcohol as accurately as possible. Record weight on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Final Weight of the Graduated Cylinder (Rubbing Alcohol).† Calculate the density of the rubbing alcohol using Equation 1. Record the calculated value (experimental value) of the density on the data sheet in the section label â€Å"Experimental Value of Density of Rubbing Alcohol.† Compare the calculated (experimental value) density of the rubbing alcohol with the actual density listed in Table 3. Record the actual density on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Actual Density of the Rubbing Alcohol.† Calculate the percent error. Record value on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Percent Error of Rubbing Alcohol†. Clean and dry the graduated cylinder. C. Density of Solutions Chemical solutions are often described in concentrations and most times in terms of the solutions’ percent composition on a weight basis. For example, a 1% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution contains 1 g of NaCl in every 100 mL of solution (which corresponds to 1 g of NaCl for every 99 mL of water (H2O) present). Obtain 50 mL solutions of NaCl in H2O consisting of the following percents by weight: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Make the weight determinations of NaCl and H2O accurately as possible. Using the method described earlier for samples of pure liquids, determine the mass, volume and density of each of your NaCl solutions. Record that information on the data sheet under the specified section. Compare the calculated (experimental value) density of the NaCl solutions with the actual density listed in Table 3. Calculate the percent errors for each solution. Record value on the data sheet in the section labeled â€Å"Percent Error of NaCl Solutions†. Using Excel, construct a graph of the calculated (experimental value) density of your NaCl solutions (y-axis) versus the percent of NaCl the solution contains (x-axis). Obtain the straight line equation (y = mx + b). Record this equation in the designated area on the data sheet. Name_______________________________________________________________________________ Lab Partner____________________________Section/Day/Time_______________________________ Experiment #1 DENSITY OF SUBSTANCES DATA SHEET A. Determination of the Density of Solids Sample Name ______________________________ Appearance of Solid ______________________________ Weight (g) of the Solid ______________________________ Initial Volume (mL) of Water for the Solid ______________________________ Final Volume (mL) of Water for the Solid ______________________________ Volume (mL) of the Solid ______________________________ Experimental Value of Density (g/mL) of Solid______________________________ Actual Density (g/mL) of the Solid ______________________________ Percent Error of Solid ______________________________ B. Determination of the Density of Pure Liquids Pure Water (Distilled Water) Initial Weight (g) of the Graduated Cylinder (Water) ______________________________ Final Weight (g) of the Graduated Cylinder (Water) ______________________________ Weight (g) of Water Sample______________________________ Volume (mL) of Water ______________________________ Experimental Value of Density (g/mL) of Water ______________________________ Actual Density (g/mL) of the Water ______________________________ Percent Error of Water ______________________________ Name_______________________________________________________________________________ Lab Partner____________________________Section/Day/Time_______________________________ Experiment #1 DENSITY OF SUBSTANCES DATA SHEET Rubbing Alcohol Initial Weight (g) of the Graduated Cylinder (Rubbing Alcohol)______________________________ Final Weight (g) of the Graduated Cylinder (Rubbing Alcohol) ______________________________ Weight (g) of Rubbing Alcohol Sample______________________________ Volume (mL) of Rubbing Alcohol ______________________________ Experimental Value of Density (g/mL) of Rubbing Alcohol ______________________________ Actual Density (g/mL) of the Rubbing Alcohol ______________________________ Percent Error of Rubbing Alcohol ______________________________ C. Determination of the Density of Solutions % NaCl Mass (g) Volume (mL) Density (g/mL: Calculated) Density (g/mL: Actual) % error 5 10 15 20 25 Note: Show calculations in your lab report. Name____________________________________________________________________________ Lab.Partner____________________________Section/Day/Time_____________________________ Experiment #1 DENSITY OF SUBSTANCES HOMEWORK SHEET 1. Explain density in words. 2. What error would be introduced into the determination of the density of the solid if the solid were hollow? Would the density be too high or too low? 3. An insoluble, nonreactive metal sphere weighing 18.45 g is added to 21.7 ml of water in a graduated cylinder. The water level rises to 26.8 ml. Calculate the density of the metal. 4. An empty graduated cylinder weighs 34.4257 g. A 10-ml pipet sample of an unknown liquid is transferred to the graduated cylinder. The graduated cylinder weighs 40.1825 g when weighed with the liquid in it. Calculate the density of the unknown liquid. 5. Your data for the density of the NaCl (sodium chloride) solutions should have produced a straight line when plotted. How could this plot be used to determine the density of any concentration of sodium chloride solution? 6. Examine your graph and determine the density for each of the following percents of NaCl: 3%, 9%, 15%, 21%, and 45%.