History Of The Original Lincoln Essay -- essays research papers fc

In 1858, there was a great struggle within the state of Illinois for a seat in the Senate. The well know Stephen A. Douglas, the favored candidate, was excepted to win. Abraham capital of Nebraska was not a well known candidate. In a struggle for the possible position, Lincoln proposed that he and Douglas organize a series of debates, so that both men might divide time, and address the same audiences during the same canvass. Douglas accepted, and he feared that he had everything to lose from a joint appearance, and withal to decline the challenge would hand over seemed unmanly in the West of the mid nineteenth century. Douglas then purposed dates and places Lincoln complained that Douglas would have four opening and closings speeches whereas he would have only three, he wrote I accede, and thus close the arrangement. The counterbalance of seven debates was on Saturday, August 21, 1858 at capital of Canada, which started an important part of the history of the United States of Ame rica, the Lincoln-Douglas debates.The Ottawa debate set the format for the remaining six debates. Lincoln and Douglas agreed that the first speaker would speak for an hour, the second speaker for an hour and a half, and the first speaker again for half an hour. On August 21, excitement was in the air. The towns population of over 7,000 doubled overnight. At 230 p.m. Douglas began speaking and the battle was on The Little Giant, Douglas, displayed the art that marked him as the master stump-speaker of his day. He first criticized Lincolns background and political history. He talked about Black inferiority, and the social as well as political dangers of freeing Blacks.The highlight of his speech was the surprising argument he threw at Lincoln in the form of the Springfield Resolutions of 1854. Douglas quoted the radical Codding and declared that Lincoln joined with abolitionists Giddings, Chase, Fred Douglass, and Parson Lovejoy had constructed this platform for the new Black Republic an Party of Illinois. Douglas became so concentrate in the speech he had to be reminded of his time limit.When Lincoln replied, he had no choice but to defend himself against the accusations. As Lincoln continued to debate, he displayed his ability as a rough-and-tumble debater, which had caused Douglas to say that he would have his hands full with Old Abe. He refute... ...ssures were driving North and South go on apart. Both candidates were masters at selecting effective arguments from all the possibilities, making the most of the arguments they picked. And yet they were aware of what they said because they did not want to incriminate themselves.The debates marked a turning point for the nation. Within three years it would undergo a bloody test of its ideals. Its subsequent history would be a struggle to operate to fruition the decision reached on the field of battle. BIBLIOGRAPHYAngle, Paul, Created Equal? (The University of Chicago Press, 1958)Fehrenbacher, Don, Abraham Linco ln Speeches and Writings 1832-1858, (New York, Literary Classics of the United States, 1989)Heckman, Richard, Lincoln vs. Douglas, (Washington D.C., Public Affairs Press, 1967)Holzer, Harold, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, (New York, HarperCollins Publishers, 1993)Jahannson, Robert, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1965)Sigelschiffer, Saul, The American moral sense the Drama of the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, (New York, Horizon Press, 1973)Zarefsky, David, Lincoln Douglas and Slavery, (University of Chicago, 1990)

Holbein vs Il Guercino :: Essays Papers

Holbein vs Il GuercinoMost museum-goers would say that the art cipher they atomic number 18 numerateing at is majestic or interesting, but they would not usually be able to tell you why they think so. This is because, even though they hold that different pieces of work are equally beautiful, it is not often that the inexperienced eye would truly realize exactly what makes each work unique. Some of these factors include the period in which the work was done, the techniques used, and the overall emotion that the work displays. Even though these are not usually the offset things that the average museum-goer thinks of, they are surely some of the intimately significant reasons for why art attracts so many different people with a variety of tastes and interests.Two excellent examples of how these aspects add to the magnificence of a picture while still retaining each works uniqueness can be seen in comparing Sir Thomas More, by Hans Holbein the Younger, and Sampson Captured by the P hilistines, by Guercino. These two paintings are both masterpieces in their own respects, displaying the exceptional talents of the artists and encompassing the nature of paintings during their time. Sir Thomas More, painted in 1527, is a portrait done by Hans Holbein the Younger. The portrait shows Sir More seance still, from the waist up, seated in front of green drapery, with one arm lightly resting on a type of wooden panel. This painting accurately encompasses the civic situation and spirit of the Renaissance in the North. Since religious art was traveling in a downward spiral due to the Protestant Reformation, artists were forced to look for other types of commissions. Because of the improving economy, middle-class citizens started making more money and began to commission portraits of themselves. Holbein was forced to leave his home to find work in England, where he first met Sir Thomas More and portrayed several other great humanists of the time. Holbeins painting of Sir Mo re displays the intricate details, definite lines, rich colors, and illusionism that are associated with the Northern Renaissance. The details in this painting are countless. The individual strands of hair at Sir Mores hairline, the wrinkles on his knuckles, the easily observable difference between the color of his irises and his pupils, and the SS chain around his neck are all details that may be easily overlooked if one was not thinking about it.

swazi :: essays papers

swaziThe Swazi of Swaziland IntroductionSwazis are said to belong to the Nguni people who lived in central Africa and migrated to southern Africa. They speak the Siswati vocabulary , a language earlier spoken by the Nguni group of the Bantu family. They seem to have settle in Swaziland around five hundred age ago. They were then ruled by the British from the mid 19th century to mid 20th century. Swaziland is a monarchy and is ruled by King Mswati III. Social administrationThe social organization in the Swazis is like any other African tribe. The homestead is the economic and domestic unit of the family. It is headed by the Umnumza or headman who is in charge of the family which includes his wives and children. Sons will bring there wives to the homestead and setup home within it while the daughters move to their in-laws. The occupants who reside in the homestead can also be distant relatives or non dependents. Therefore the number of people for whom the headman is responsible economically ,legally and by ritual may set off according his status and wealth. A wealthy headman may have many wives therefore he has a large number of people he is responsible for. The headman usually would sub severalize the large homestead in order to gain access to larger tracts of cultivable land or divide quarrelsome wives .The homestead is planned according to the relationships between its inhabitants . Usually in the center of the homestead is the cattle pen and grain storage units, which are immunity flask shaped pits. Women are not allowed access to theses places. The living quarters are grouped in a semicircle with the indlunkuku ( great hut) which is home to the nearly important woman in the homestead , the mother of the headman. If she is dead then a substitute mother is appointed. On the sides are the quarters of the wives ,each with her own dormancy ,cooking and storage huts and enclosed with a reed fence for protection against wind . The ranking of wives is not rigid but it depends on the headman and his preference of wives. the chiseled demarkation of the wives huts and the fact that each of them own their own garden land and cattle does not erase the fact that the headmans mothers admit is supreme.

Shame and Learning in Platos Apology Essay -- Philosophy Philosophica

Shame and Learning in Platos ApologyABSTRACT In the Apology, Socrates proves to be the master teacher (1) of Athens in the counseling that he invites the city to cross its cognitive shame. Psychologist and teacher Paul Shane contends that much of the scholarship process begins in shame. (2) Shane defines shame in this wayShame is the jot of being exposed and wanting to hide ones nakedness. It is related to ego-ideal. One has a conception of self, an image of what one can be, and the feeling of shame is experienced in not having achieved a desired and attainable goal, in lacking something, in being inadequate. Rather than being a function of not having lived up to the standards of another, it is having failed or disappointed oneself.Shane holds that shame is an element in the learning process because the individual does not want to be in a position of having his or her ignorance exposed. In this way, cognitive shame spurs on the students desire . . . to explore and acquire, to ma ster and become competent. (3) If an important element in the learning process of the pupil is her need to catch up with this shame of not knowing then it seems that she is in a very awkward position, in fact an intolerable position On the one occur her shame at not knowing is the spur that drives her on to want to transcend her limitations and the feelings of inadequacy, of ignorance that threaten her. On the other hand, the only way she can overcome her state of ignorance and free herself from the shame that threatens her is by revealing her ignorance and thereby making herself vulnerable to the very feelings of shame that will attend this disclosure. Shane implicitly points to this dilemma in his discussion of the questionable structu... ...ely, a certain degree of irony here but Socrates fundamental orientation as the sort of teacher who is at the aforesaid(prenominal) time a learner is to be taken very seriously. Socrates, in fact, breaks down the distinction between teache r and pupil by making the learning process a collaborative one.(2) Paul Shane, Ph.D., Shame and Learning, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 50 (2), April 1980.(3) Shane, 352.(4) Shane, 350-351.(5) Shane, 352.(6) Shane, 352.(7) The verb, here, dokounton, is slightly ambiguous. It can mean, one of those who seem or appear to be wise or one of those who have a reputation for being wise. (8) This, I take it, is the grounds of his hesitation and difficulty, namely, that he is challenging the gods utterance.(9) He appears to be someone involved in the political affairs of the city from Apology 21c4, tis ton politikon.

Essay --

Oil is one of the largest components of the the Statesn economy. However through the last thirty years the States has had to overcome many obstacles in order to secure a arouse flow of embrocate from foreign countries. Since the early 1970s many political leading have encouraged oil colour production in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) to solve the Statess problem of securing foreign oil. The people in favor of letting companies drill in the ANWR argue that it would reduce Americas dependence on foreign oil, and not effect the environment. People against oil drilling in the ANWR state that the drilling would do nothing to change Americas dependence on Foreign oil, and will have detrimental effect on one of the worlds largest untouched nature-preserves. In order to secure and stabilize both the Environment and Americas oil supply, America will need to assign a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling, that would not effect the natural ecosystems. One near-sighted proposal to help reduce Americas foreign dependence for oil has been to drill for oil in the ANWR. Currently the United States imports rough 60 percent of the oil that its citizens consumes annually and around 20 percent of this oil comes from the Iranian Gulf countries, averaging about 2.4 million barrels a day are being imported to the United States (Corsi 11). severally barrel of oil costs around 50$, meaning the United States sends more than 600$ million a day to foreign countries, of which 120$ million goes to the Persian Gulf. Annually the United States spends just under a quarter of a trillion dollars to buy oil. These numbers show that the United States is very dependent on oil from foreign countries, and has had to intervene in foreign entanglements because of it, such a... ...structures (which was not the case in Prudhoe Bay,) there would be other suitable calving areas. The oil fields operated ANWR would also help make the United States less dependent on foreign oil. A lthough the United States will most likely never be completely independent of oil, the Oil drilled in the ANWR would save the United States millions of dollars a year, from paying foreign countries to sell us oil. If we have a steady domestic oil supply, the United States will not have to focus so much of its attention on foreign issues that are not link to us. Keeping the environment pristine, and having a secure line of oil are big concerns of the United States government. By assigning a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling and setting restrictions on oil infrastructures during calving season would let America succeed in both the economy and the environment.

Essay --

Oil is one of the largest components of the the Statesn economy. However through the last thirty years the States has had to overcome many obstacles in order to secure a simmer down flow of rock oil from foreign countries. Since the early 1970s many political leadership have encouraged drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) to solve the Statess problem of securing foreign oil. The people in opt of letting companies drill in the ANWR argue that it would reduce Americas dependence on foreign oil, and not effect the environment. People against oil drilling in the ANWR state that the drilling would do nothing to change Americas dependence on Foreign oil, and will have detrimental effect on one of the worlds largest untouched nature-preserves. In order to secure and stabilize both the Environment and Americas oil supply, America will need to assign a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling, that would not effect the natural ecosystems. One near-sighted proposal to help reduce Americas foreign dependence for oil has been to drill for oil in the ANWR. Currently the United States imports somewhat 60 percent of the oil that its citizens consumes annually and around 20 percent of this oil comes from the Persian Gulf countries, averaging about 2.4 million barrels a day are being imported to the United States (Corsi 11). distributively barrel of oil costs around 50$, meaning the United States sends more than 600$ million a day to foreign countries, of which 120$ million goes to the Persian Gulf. Annually the United States spends just under a quarter of a trillion dollars to buy oil. These numbers show that the United States is very dependent on oil from foreign countries, and has had to intervene in foreign entanglements because of it, such a... ...structures (which was not the case in Prudhoe Bay,) there would be other suitable calving areas. The oil fields operated ANWR would also help make the United States less dependent on foreign oil. Although the United States will most likely never be completely independent of oil, the Oil drilled in the ANWR would save the United States millions of dollars a year, from paying foreign countries to sell us oil. If we have a steady domestic oil supply, the United States will not have to focus so much of its attention on foreign issues that are not colligate to us. Keeping the environment pristine, and having a secure line of oil are big concerns of the United States government. By assigning a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling and setting restrictions on oil infrastructures during calving season would let America succeed in both the economy and the environment.

Lenovo

1. What is the staffing policy that Lenovo is prosecute? A Staffing policy is concerned with the selection of employees for particular jobs. At one level, this involves selecting individual who have the cleverness required to do particular jobs. At another level, staffing policy can be a tool for developing and promoting the desired corporate culture of the firm. The culture was to transform Lenovo into a truly global corporation with a global workforce.Lenovo made an effort to create a firm that was neither Chinese, nor American, but sort of global in its orientation, a firm that is positioned to compete head-to-head with other players in the global PC market. 2. What strategy do you think the company is pursuing? Does its staffing policy match its strategy? A The Company is pursuing a transnational strategy. The staffing policy matches its strategy. For example, when Lenovo is deciding who should hold management positions, the national origin of the outlook is not an issue.Rath er, the decision focuses on whether the person has the skills and capabilities required for working in a global enterprise. Lenovo is committed to hiring the very best people, wherever they might seed from. Lenovo seeks the best people for key jobs throughout the organization regardless of nationality this alters the firm to make the best use of its human resources. 3. What are the strengths of Lenovos staffing policy? go off you see any potential weaknesses or problems that the company might encounter as a result of this policy?A Lenovo uses the same set of principles to shoot workforce management in all locations, this maintains a unified corporate culture. If Lenovos employees are predisposed toward the organizations corporate norms and value system, the firm will be able to attain higher performance. Lenovos staffing policy is complicated by the profound differences between countries in labor markets, culture, legal systems, economic systems, and the like. The company musti ness also deal with a host of issues related to carry managers (citizens of one country working abroad).A prominent issue in Lenovos staffing policy is expatriate failure (the premature return of an expatriate manager to his or her home country). Furthermore, the immigration policies of national governments may limit the ability of the company to pursue this policy. Moreover, since Lenovos staffing is global, it will need a compensation structure with a standard international base pay level, higher than national levels. 4. What should the HRM function do to enable Lenovo to become a truly global enterprise?A Human Resources will have to be very astute about how its principles are utilise in every local market so that it remains responsive to the needs of people in different environments. Lenovo is following a geocentric betterment to human resources, one in which the best people are sought for key jobs throughout the organization, regardless of nationality. For example, the compa ny appointed an American to the position of chief operating officer because it felt that none of the firms existing Chinese executives had the capabilities to manage a truly global enterprise.

Corporate Social Network Essay

Corpo rank Social Network Final ProjectMIS 535 Managerial Applications of In digitation TechnologyLou Ann McElyeaJune 16, 2013 repealM both disposals turn out suggestion boxes. One give the axe find a suggestion box in a gas station, a restaurant, and even a work place. Its an easy and mostly anonymous way to express ideas or concerns regarding an organization and/or its structure. Through the intention of a suggestion box, both client or employee would be able to express opinions and make suggestions according to the various attri muchoveres of an organization with expose a high pressure environment such as meetings and superordinate word/employee one-on-one sessions. With access to so much learning technology and data collection resources, m whatsoever organizations lot take their suggestion box out of the h every(prenominal)(prenominal)way and to the employee or client through their computer screen.The easy accessibility of the electronic suggestion box would not only en courage more than users, but promote on the spot ideas at the clipping a suggestion is originated. For example, at Chilis the restaurant they have an interactive module where you slew play games and pay your bill. After a short visit to the bathroom, you think of a game they can add to their interactive jury. Wouldnt it be straight-laced if instead of flagging down a waitress or trying to find a manager, you could put that suggestion right on the interactive board that goes straight to the manager in a message?Organization BackgroundOpening in 2000, the fully accredited Advanced Academics Inc. partnered with schools and districts all over the fall in States to provide onlinelearning opportunities for students who needed an additional educational option available. Offering access to certified instructors 24 hours a day, 5 days a week and 24/7 student technical support on an innovative virtual classroom platform, Advanced Academics Inc. made a point to equip students with all possible resources to assist in achieving a high school diploma. With students in the most rural corners of Oklahoma, where the organization is headquartered, were unable to get to school. Buses didnt run that remote and methods of transportation were slim. More and more students in traditional classrooms were not finding the environment to be conducive to their academic success. Students who need more time with their teacher or doing their homework or tests can fall amidst the cracks of customary school establishments.There had to be another option, surely, there was another way. Now a subsidiary of DeVry Inc., Advanced Academics Inc., is one of the most regarded online learning institutions in the country. Offering educational opportunities not only to those of high school age but to those who atomic number 18 younger, older, and in need of an accredited high school diploma, Advanced Academics is a sought after institution. This online learning option truly lives by their miss ion to second students succeed and graduate with a high school diploma.ProblemAdvanced Academics Inc. has free state-based programs in 10 states not including the international tuition-based program. apiece of these programs requires specific criteria to be met in order to attend, as well as different contacts for counselors and student assistants and an outsourced general training and initial enrollment customer service. According to their LinkedIn page, Advanced Academics Inc., or AAI, has upwards of 500 employees across the footprint and headquarters with approximately 80% of their corporate employees able to work remotely utilizing the popular cloud computing organization Salesforce. With all these national, and mobile, employees inside the organization, AAI can experience a lapse in communication amongst their program directors, admissions, and enrollment.This lack of communication has led to a multitude of issues within the organization such as programs changing criteria or dropping out of AAI, misinformation cosmosprovided to students and employees, and website update and repair. Because comp both-wide face to face meeting are near impossible, AAI has a heavy reliance on a grasp of command and technology in order to make any updates or changes effective in the organization and for the information to spread accordingly. They lack a system or software that is accessible to all employees of the organization to be able to perform their jobs effectively. Halverson and Tirmizi (2008) state that organizations have to find means, as they utilize global communication tools, to adjust their ways of communicating and understanding in order to say effective communication (p. 185). AAI needs to make some adjustments so that all facets of the organization can work cohesively, providing the students the flawless service they need to succeed.SolutionSince most of AAI has access to the same databases as well as utilize the same resources to perform their various job functions, it is a safely drawn conclusion that most employees are inept at accessing different technologies on a cursory basis. I propose that all of the employees access a form of social net work technology that enables employees and aggroup members to share ideas, suggestions, opinions, and intelligence operation/updates with those in the AAI community. This site lay downd specifically for this purpose, provide pose as a forum divided into applicable sections and accessible to everyone to receive information and updates in real time, instead of waiting for it to be handed down the chain of command. In this idea management database topics such as software and hardware issues, updates, and suggestions can be questioned as well as any organizationally related announcements regarding meetings, open houses, closures, and changes to any program.From each post, employees and team members provide be able to right to vote on each post, elevating its importance (i.e. the more likes a post has, it elevates to the top/front of the forum). They get out overly be able to re post to any smaller sub groups created in the organization. The AAI corporate office as well as group/subgroup precedeers will be able to track the custom of the website to determine that all are using it to gather information and as an agreement/acknowledgement of any important policy or procedure changes. AAIcould also provide a discussion feature regarding any new changes, such as commentary on any other social media. Any proposals or changes, lower level employees will be able to communicate with the upper level management in order to ask questions or address any concerns. This feature can provide the communication the organization would need in order to provide proficient service for students.BenefitsAside from the obvious of supplying superior service to the students and parents, this social forum or virtual suggestion/announcement page provides many benefits to the AAI ply and employees.On The Spot IdeasAAI meetings for most of the departments are circumstantially sporadic and have to be spread throughout the footprint and calendar in order to ensure proper coverage for students. By then, team and staff members have to record and remember facets of their job functions that are affected and could be changed. Because not everyone is accessible throughout the organization at all times, it can be hard to utilize AAIs open doorway policy. With the forums implementation, staff will be able to post questions right away, as it occurs to them. It would be open for other staff members to answer and vote on, to show its importance. This would also give upper level management opportunity to read and respond to any questions straight from the source, as opposed to second hand emails and meeting topics.Lost In TranslationBecause of the lack of formal information, the organization can suffer from adjectival changes being lost in translation. Associates are able to m isconstrue and confuse information that is being passed down to them through the chain of command. This game of telephone can lead to providing misinformation to students/parents, misinformed staff members, ebb and flow of communication lines between educational institution and organization, andoverall bad employee morale. When there are several lines of communication between student/parent and AAI, they could get several different answers to one question they may ask. For example, a student requested an application for the online program in genus Arizona for the next school year.The student then received a letter a week later from the program in Arizona stating they were not alive(p) in an online program for the next school year and provided information on the traditional charter school they offered. Confused, the student called their admissions advisor who was unaware Arizonas school was not participating next year. It was then that it was revealed that Arizonas school had backe d out of AAIs virtual program. Had there been a more open communication forum, Arizona would have been able to communicate this to all formally. Ending any confusion that the student was caused.Slow Moving Communication filmIt can take days, weeks, or never for certain information to be made available to everyone throughout AAIs organizational structure. Information would have to be relayed from the state programs, to AAIs upper level management and further down. Because there are so many cooks in the kitchen, AAI suffers from being able to relay information organization wide on a more time efficient basis. The information may be deemed as irrelevant to certain departments, however, if they were presented with a problem, they may be unable to assist the parent or student properly. Most communication within the organization occurs via email or by phone. With conflicting schedules and time zones, its very hard to relay information efficiently when dealing with so many people. With th e forum, employees will be able to check it every day, all day during their working hours. This constant and self-consistent flow of communication allows for information readiness and could be referred to, before tapping on the shoulder of fellow associates or calling around departments.Business/Technical ApproachImplementing this forum would enable the organization to communicate on a highly effective level. This form of information technology will enableupper level management to put forth different and more effective business practices, allowing for a better rate of return in the organization. With better communication, the organization could run more smoothly. Frit-enz (1997) likens a useful information technology system to that of the bodys circulatory system stating that when valid useful information is blocked, the system goes into a form of cardiac arrest (p. 93). An effective organization needs to absorb and use what information is being presented and decide what is needed in order to make the organization the most successful in the industry. This forum would allow upper level management to actively participate in a collaboration with all employees by sharing resources, information, and making themselves accessible when needed.It is within large corporations and organizations that colleagues and associates become so involved in their own daily job functions, they have no direct relation to what may occur within other departments or areas in the organization. Collaboration and working closer together is one basic necessity of a successful organization and one that seems to fall out of practice with other organizations. It should remain a focus and when other ideas of maintaining that communication fails, a new one should be introduced and put into practice, such as the forum.Business Process ChangesCurrently, there is a chain of command associated with AAIs communication structure. This would have to be basically removed and replaced. Reason being, AAI would have to use the forum in its entirety, and on a consistent basis, in order for it to become effective and useful. The information technology team in the organization would be in charge of handling the forums structure and functionality. Each department, as it does currently, has a leader in which all information must be relayed and filtered through. From here each department lead will be trusty for providing information on the forum for everyone.Upper level management will be able to determine, via regular virtual or in person meetings, to discuss what topic(s) are applicable to what department. As not everything within the organization is necessary for all departments, these meetings and their consistently are crucial in the development and maintenance of the forum. otherwise departmentswill be required to view and participate in the forum on a regular basis, depending on department determines frequency. From there, each department lead can determine whether or not the par ticipation can determine agreeance/acknowledgement of certain procedural and policy changes as well as could suffice as topics for in person meetings or huddles. These changes, although fairly subtle since most communication in the organization is electronic would prove to provide a sudden return and feedback on any information presented.Technology/Business Practices UsedWith the implementation of a social media type forum in AAI, some outgo business practices will need to be agreed upon and enforced. Current moral and ethics practices and processes can continue to be used. Maintaining professionalism in this seemingly informal form of communication is key. Only professional and proper language will be used and enforced in the forum. Any language and behavior to the contrary will not tolerated and disciplinary action will be enforced.Within the IT team, they will work to monitor the forums functionality, and maintain its ability to run efficiently. Its reliability is allows AAI t o feel confident in its own capabilities and start assuring the rest of the business of continued service availability and performance (Addy, 2007 p. 165). The IT team will perform routine maintenance on the forum to ensure its functionality and will be able to access and view feedback as well, adjusting the forum to create and maintain high usability throughout the organization.High Level Implementation PlanIn order to properly implement the forum, its blue print must number one be created. The IT team can create the forum and all functionalities presented, and bring it to the associates and employees who would benefit from its usage the most, being the end users. The end users would then provide the IT team feedback regarding what needs to be added or changed, based on the uses they would need the most. The agile process would make the end users a team who are more concentrate on the use and ease of accessibility of the forum. Fromthere, the IT team can take the feedback and cre ate a forum. The end users at that time will perform tests on the system, under the monitor of the IT team, to ensure all of the functionality the end users need is present.Based on the feedback received from the testing phase, the IT team will be able to create and present the forum from there to upper level management, or provide the tweaks needed in order to make it more functional and run more tests. Once its put into effect, the forum will start in a probationary time frame to slowly introduce the forum into the daily lives of AAI employees. Another survey will be taken after said probationary period to determine if the forum can be of the utmost use to everyone, or if it works for certain departments only. From there, the forum will be put into play permanently, or if AAI would need to return to the drawing board.ConclusionIt is with the introduction of this forum that I feel AAI would earn an immense amount of benefits for all. Everyone would be able to communicate, in real t ime, effectively. By building this information technology based community, AAI will be able to connect, collaborate, and share resources with all the associates and colleagues they interact with on a daily basis. Allowing for this open flow of communication, according to Cross (2010), will help everyone mesh topology and build relationships, and then sustaining those connection and conversations in an online community in which a broader audience can participate (p. 5). In this open door and open door community, AAI can see success grow by leaps and bounds inside and outside the organization.ReferencesAddy, R. (2007). Effective IT Service Management To ITIL and Beyond. Berlin Springer.Austin, E., & Pinkleton, B. E. (2000). Strategic Public traffic Management Planning and Managing Effective Communication Programs. Mahwah, N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Cross, R. L. (2010). The Organizational Network Fieldbook Best Practices, Techniques, and Exercises to Drive Organizational Inn ovation and Performance. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.Fitz-enz, J. (1997). The 8 Practices of Exceptional Companies How Great Organizations fill the Most of Their Human Assets. New York AMACOM.Pell, A. R. (1999). The Complete Idiots Guide to Managing People. New York, N.Y. Alpha Books.Tirmizi, S., & Halverson, C. B. (2008). Effective Multicultural Teams Theory and Practice. Dordrecht Springer.Walton, D. N. (2007). Media Argumentation Dialectic, Persuasion, and Rhetoric. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.http//www.linkedin.com/company/advanced-academics

Rehabilitation Counselor Education Programs Regarding Essay

For the past several years, the health care and insurance industries in America have been undergoing earthshaking reform in order to rein in the high cost of delivering health care services. Managed care has become a cornerstone of this process (Strickland, 1995). The national vigilance industry (with its focus on cost containment, managed competition, and quality care) is playing an increasingly burning(prenominal) role in the managed care environment (Owens, 1996). According to Mullahy (1995a), the anatomy of eluding managers has risen astronomically in recent years.These individuals come from diverse professional backgrounds and hold settings that include nursing, renewal counseling, and social work. Case management, however, is not a new concept. Many human service, rehabilitation, and health care professions have a history of using graphic symbol management models in the execution of their responsibilities. For example, in umteen psychiatric rehabilitation work settings social workers are frequently hired as case managers to coordinate the provision of community-based services to their clientele (Sledge, Astrachan, Thompson, Rakfeldt, & Leaf, 1995).Case management is also an extremely important function of rehabilitation counselors in both public and private sectors (Leahy, Chan, Taylor, Wood & Downey, 1997 Leahy, Szymanski & Linkowski, 1993 Matkin, 1995). Similarly, medical case management is increasingly macrocosm viewed as an essential aspect of professional nursing practice (Lamb, 1995). The Development of Private Sector Case Management The impetus for case management practice in health care settings can be traced to the skyrocketing cost of workers requital in the 1970s.Private sector rehabilitation grew in response to the demand for vocational rehabilitation services by workers compensation insurance carriers (Matkin, 1995). Federal legislation also promoted the growth of private sector case management services. albeit inadvertently. The R ehabilitation achievement of 1973 gave priority within the state-federal vocational rehabilitation system to individuals with severe disabilities, causing workers compensation carriers to seek vocational rehabilitation services for their (typically less severely injured) claimants in the private sector Habeck, Leahy, Hunt, Chan & Welch, 1991).In increasing numbers. rehabilitation nurses and rehabilitation counselors were hired to provide both medical and vocational case management services to workers compensation claimants. In the late 1980s, case management began to develop its own impetus as an independent profession (E. Holt, personal communication, December 1, 1996). In 1991, 29 organizations refer in the field gathitherd in Dallas, Texas, at a consensus meeting organized by the Individual Case Management Association.The intent was to agree upon the philosophical basis for case management, a universal definition of case management, and a set of meaningful practice standards. E ventually, a certification program for case managers was developed, including eligibility criteria and theme areas for a certification examination. On July 1, 1995, the Commission for Case Manager Certification (CCMC) was incorporated as a separate, independent credentialing body. Although the process is still very young, there are already over 19,000 Certified Case Mangers (CCMs) who have completed certification requirements.With technical and administrative support from the Foundation for Rehabilitation Education and Research, Leahy (1994) surveyed 14,078 practicing case managers representing multiple professional disciplines in a variety of work settings. His research suggested that case managers share a common knowledge base required for case management practice comprised of five factors 1) coordination and delivery of services 2) physical and psychosocial aspects of disability 3) benefit systems and cost benefit analysis 4) case management concepts and 5) principles of communi ty re-entry.Roles and Functions Studies In 1991, Matkin used a origin analysis approach to identify work role categories as well as knowledge requirements associated with the major tasks performed by rehabilitation specialists in the private sector (Matkin, 1995). Seven major knowledge domains were identified, but case management and the coordination of rehabilitation services were determined to occupy approximately 40% of the subjects work time.More recently, Leahy, Chan, Taylor, Wood, and Downey (1997) identified seven empirically derived knowledge factors as important for effective private rehabilitation practice. These knowledge factors are vocational judging and planning case management and reporting expert witness testimony employment and disability related legislation and regulations community resources psychosocial and functional aspects of disability and job analysis and odification. In their study, knowledge of case management was rated as most important with a mean (M) score of 3. 24 (based on a five-point Likert-type scale, with 0 meaning not important to 4 indicating absolutely essential). Their study may reflect a shift in private rehabilitation practice from predominantly vocational counseling and job placement to medical and vocational case management.These same researchers also found several distinctions between private rehabilitation practitioners with a rehabilitation counseling background and those with a nursing background. While specialists with rehabilitation counseling expertise viewed knowledge in vocational rehabilitation as important to private rehabilitation practice, practitioners with a nursing background believed that community resources and medical rehabilitation service coordination activities were more important.

International Trade Theory and Policy Essay

Multilateral dispense negotiations forums atomic number 18 organizations leavened to regulate spate betwixt more countries of the world. The agreement involves establishing organizations which regulate change in the entire world. The increase in globalization has forced many countries to form regulatory organizations to avoid bad flip-flop practices. To enhance trade many countries gain created trade agreements to re impel barriers to trade. Economic integration is the most important aspect discussed by the trade agreement organizations. The organizations aim at achieving an integrated rescue where countries washbasin trade with to each one new(prenominal).After the World War II many leaders of the world felt that the economies of the destroyed countries could only be modify through trade. One of the proposals to advance trade was to create a laissez-faire global economy plainly this was rejected since it was not applicable. The leaders agreed to establish global trad e organizations which would enhance trade by reducing the barriers to trade which had been placed by the countries. During the war many countries created strict barriers to trade to protect their economies from orthogonal influence (Anderson, 2005).The General Agreement on carry on and Tariffs was the first agreement to be established. The agreement was established to enhance trade between the member countries moreover was later converted into World Trade Organization (WTO). The International Monetary Fund was also created to regulate the economic status of the developing nations as intimately as regulate world-wide economic activities (Smith, Sumner & Rosson, n. d. ). Reconstruction of the damaged economies later on the World War II was the priority of these organizations.For many years several amendments lay down been made to accommodate the changing economic climate. Trade liberalization has been the most important aspect during the amendments. For example, according to An derson. (2005, pg. 414), the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations led to agreements write in 1994 that contributed to trade liberalization over the subsequent 10 years. Despite the many advantages accompanied by the establishment of the multinational trade organizations, there pick out been several disadvantages accompanied by the activities of arising up of domestic food markets to international trade.An example is the global economic recession of the 2007-2009 that was experience by the world economies after the banking industry and the mortgage industry collapsed overdue to poor financial practices by the U. S. banks. Importance of multilateral trade institutions The multilateral trade organizations were created to enhance trade and constancy of the economies of the member countries. Initially they were established to reconstruct the economies which had been destroyed during the World War II. Many countries realized the importance of trade in improving the ec onomies after the war.Trade was the only tool that could restore the original status of the economies. Before and during the war many countries had put a lot of trade barriers to prevent trade with other countries. Opening up domestic economies required negotiations with all countries of the world to enhance a more open economic system (Warnke, 1996). Multilateral trade institutions improve international trade since they encourage member countries to open up their domestic markets to international trade. Trade disputes be resolved more easily between and among self-contradictory countries, hence guide to a good relationship between countries.Production according to comparative advantage has been encouraged by the improvement in international trade. Countries are encouraged to produce goods which they can produce most economically. Different countries have different resources which give them the potential to create income generating products. Through international trade resources are utilized optimally since an economy will specialize in the fruit of products which it has greater advantages (Bernard et al. 2007). International trade has encouraged countries to specialize in the production of goods and services.The mobility of factors of production has been accelerated by globalization. More industries are encouraging division of labor to increase the productivity of labor factors of production. More industries have real with the enlargement of international trade. These industries create more employment opportunities to the citizens of a country. As the par capita income of the spate increases their living standards is improved. Poverty alleviation campaigns have encouraged improved international trade as one of the strategies to enhance development of nations (Bernard et al. 2007).Opening up the domestic market to international trade creates more advantages than disadvantages. The international prices are disgrace than the domestic prices. The consumer s obtain goods and services at lower prices. The competition created by the international trade encourages the domestic firms to be efficient in their production systems. The customers are provided with a wide variety of products to select from (Bernard et al. 2007). Multilateral trade organizations control the globalization of economies. Globalization refers to the international operation of business activities and the transfer of training between countries.Globalization has affected business activities both positively and negatively. Global markets have emerged and many companies are operating in several countries. This has created competitiveness of the companies since the global markets are larger than regional markets. Globalization is the process of integrating the global economies, societies and cultures by connecting communication and trade networks. Economic globalization refers to the integration of global economies by enhancing trade, extraneous direct investment, sharin g of technology, movement of people and flow of capital.The factors which influence the rate of globalization are the world economies, technology, and socio-cultural, semipolitical and biological aspects (Warnke, 1996). Globalization has improved the veer of technologies and knowledge. This has increased the contentedness of businesses to expand on the number of innovative products in the market. The public sector alone cannot accommodate all the skilled labor in a country and trade provides more employment opportunities for the people in a nation.As economies become more global people with skills can move to countries where there is high market potential for their labor. The introduction of internet has increased efficiency in trade by enabling people transfer information more easily. Trade attracts private investment and this generates more capital in the economy. The gross domestic product of a country increases with increase in trade. branch and development of an economic i s accelerated by trade since more income is generated and the living standards of the people are improved (Daniels, Radebaugh & Sullivan, 2007).Poverty levels in both developing and developed countries have declined by greater margins due to participation of countries in the international trade. Economies have acquired more wealth and the gross domestic product of countries has improved. WTO has become the custodian of international law on trade. The enforcement of trade laws about good trade practices has been possible after the creation of WTO. The establishment of regional and multilateral trade agreements was go through after WTO was created. This has encouraged many countries remove barriers to trade (World Trade Organization 2010).Weaknesses of multilateral trade institutions Most of the multilateral trade organizations are affected by the political climate in the member countries. Any political war between the member countries can ruin the operation of the organizations. Wh en the organizations support some political organizations they affect the interests of the members and this reduces the delivery of the required obligations. Politically strong countries have dominated the operations of the multilateral organizations and this is causing a lot of concern to the global trade communities.Decision making at the trade organizations has become very difficult since many participants are not willing to accept rules which affect their economies negatively. Anderson (2005, pg. 417) suggests that although trade can and should play an important role in allowing developing countries to lift themselves out of poverty, in reality international trade agreements and institutions have more often than not contributed to the continuation of global social and economic injustice. The developed nations have dominated the multilateral trade organizations. For example, according to Anderson (2005, pg. 31) with decision-making based on a consensus system, so each member has equal decision-making power, the WTO is held to be the most democratic of all the international institutions with a global mandate. In practice, however, the working methods of the WTO lack transparency, inclusiveness and equity. There have been conflicts as the developing nations are becoming concerned about the great influence the developed nations have on the decisions in these organizations. Multilateral trade agreements are abstruse to establish since many countries are involved.The interests of each country should be represented during the negotiations to ensure that conflicts do not arise afterwards (Amadeo, 2010). Despite the establishment of the trade organizations many countries continue to place more trade discrimination measures upon other countries. They include not just trade taxes-cum-subsidies but also contingent apology measures such as anti-dumping, regulatory standards that can be technical barriers to trade, and domestic production subsidies Anderson (2005, pg . 415). Many trade distortions have occurred since the global economies were established.Multilateral trade organizations have encouraged the opening up of economies to international market influence. The opening up of domestic markets has affected the global economies. Several disadvantages have been accompanied by the opening up of the domestic markets, for example, the global economic meltdown of the 2007-2008. The crisis started with the rise in prices for basic products due to the international increase in fuel prices. The prices of anoint and food for thought products increased within a short duration leading to an economic crisis which affected many people in US.The prices for many products increased and inflation was experienced all over the country. Many sub skin rash borrowers had low incomes and the rise in prices for basic products increased the expenses for their living. Many companies retrenched employees to accommodate the increasing production costs. The borrowers were unable to repay the loans resulting to massive defaults. More than 100 subprime mortgage intermediaries filed for bankruptcy. Reacquisition of the houses from the defaulters caused a lot of people to become homeless (Platt, 2008). Subprime mortgages are policies which have a high risk of default.Subprime borrowers are the people with low incomes and have a poor credit history. They have higher risk of default compared to the prime borrowers. The US government had deregulated the real estate mortgages leading to massive investment in subprime mortgages. This caused the risky lending of subprime mortgages. The subprime mortgages were not popular initially but they became widely used in the 1990s. The climax of the sub prime mortgages was in 2006 when they accounted for more than 21 percent of all mortgages traded in the US market. The value of subprime mortgages in 2006 was valued at $600 billion.Many subprime mortgage intermediaries were established to thread the benefits of t he expanding industry (Helleiner, 2009). The world economies have experienced a major decline due to poor performance of many industries. This is a crisis which has affected all sectors of the economy. Williams (2009) claims that the crisis was initiated by the subprime mortgage lending crisis in US. The banking sector issued many loans to subprime mortgage intermediaries. Due to the expanding market in the sub prime mortgage market many banks issued unbarred loans to the intermediaries.The climax of the boom was reached in 2007 when the prices of products started to increase and many subprime mortgage lenders were unable to repay their loans. This led to massive default of debts and banks registered huge losses. This reduced the lending capacity of many banks. The resulting effect was lack of credit in the economy and the collapse of many companies (Stapledon, 2009). The government of US is to be blame for the crisis. The 102nd Congress under the leaders of George W. Bush deregula ted the lodgement sector in 1992 (Guttmann, 1994).The main aim was to increase the availability of money for buying housing. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac companies were deregulated and could spend $97. 50 to buy housing loans. Banks with $100 could spend more than $90 buying mortgage loans. The companies had been ordered by the congress to retain more capital to for risk allowance but this was not practiced. Since 1992 the mortgage sector experienced the highest boom with many companies investing heavily in the sector. Subprime mortgage intermediary companies were developed to assist homeowners acquire loans from the banks (Stapledon, 2009).The banking sector was the worse hit by the crisis. Inter-bank lending declined and banks had no money to issue to their customers. Most of the banks collapsed while others registered huge losses. This was as a result of failure by many subprime mortgage intermediaries which defaulted the huge loans they had acquired from the banks. The central ba nk could not lead to all the banks due to the massive crisis that affected the entire country. Since US is a market for many commodities from other countries there was an extension of the crisis to other economies causing a global economic meltdown.Many economies declined since they had no market for their goods. Inflation increased as prices persistently increased. The entire world encountered economic crisis which resulted into failure by all sectors of the economy in the world (Stapledon, 2009). Many international organizations have intervened to eradicate the problem. The preventative by the World Bank has created better results in the efforts to reduce the impacts of the crisis. World Bank has issued loans to many countries to increase the income levels of the people. Many companies have been able to access loans due to the fun ding by World Bank.The availability of loans has increased since last year and many companies have regained their capacity (Bayne, 2008). The World Tra de Organization has negotiated with the oil producing countries to reduce the oil prices as one of the measures to reduce the effects of the crisis. The global oil prices increased causing the prices of many products to rise. The high product prices caused inflation in the whole world. WTO has also encouraged trade by persuading some countries remove the trade barriers they had placed upon their trade partners when the crisis was at the climax (Stephen, T. 2008).