In my mind justice is a very abstract concept

In my mind justice is a very abstract concept. Although it seems like everyone knows the meaning of the word many people view justice differently. If you would ask people what they associate the word justice with, you would hear many opinions. To me it means fairness, accountability, equality, punishment, following the letter of the law, and these are the words that came to my mind on the spot, but the list sure doesnt end here. What may seem just to one person may be considered totally unjust to someone else; we are faced with this reality very often. It could be a minor issue, which affects only few individuals, such as debating if a grade your professor gave you on an exam is a fair evaluation of your knowledge of the material. On a greater level, it could be an issue such as capital punishment. Those who support death sentence say that some criminals should be punished by death for crimes that they commit. Those with the opposing view, ask if its just to have the! power to take a persons life, no matter what crime they are guilty of committing. As Walzer states: Justice is a human construction, and it is doubtful that it can be made in only one way... In his discussion on distributive justice Walzer talks about distribution of goods in a society and power struggles that are constant in societies with where goods can be limited. According to him monopoly arises from lack of a valuable good in a society, the limited amount of that good automatically gives power to those individuals who poses it, creating inequality. He goes on explaining the theory of simple equality where government constantly limits the power of those with possession of the rare goods, but soon the government itself becomes the greater power which controls all other goods. He states that: Politics is always the most direct path to dominance, and political power...is probably the most important and certainly m

Free Essays on Hatchet

Brian Robeson, a 13-years old boy, is in an airplane on the way to his father. His parents have split up, and in the summer he will live by his father. His father works at the oilfields in Canada. The pilot of the airplane says not much but he smells very at sweat. Than the pilot have a heart attack, and die. Brian tried to call for help with the radio, but it didn’t work. He takes the headphone and the microphone of the pilot’s head and says that he is alone in an airplane and that the pilot has died. Someone hearts him but the radio falls out. Brian flights farther with the plane. When the pilot lived he told him how easy it is to fly. Then he sees that there isn’t more petrol. He decides to make an emergency landing in a lake. He escapes from the airplane and swim ashore. He falls asleep and after a many of hours he wakes up. He lies down near the lake. Millions of mosquitoes attack him. Then he falls asleep again and when he wakes up he is very thirsty. He dr inks of the lake, but he don’t know of the water drinkable is. The only thing he has to survive is a hatchet. He gets it from his mother when he goes away. Then he tries to find some food. He follows some birds and saw that they were eating berries. He eats so much as he can and go back to his shelter. At night, when he sleeps he wakes up. He has a stomach-ache, the berries aren’t edible. He threw up and has diarrhea. Next day he find a kind of a little cave. This cave reconstructs he to a good shelter. Then he find some edible food. Strawberry’s. When he picks some strawberry’s there comes a beer. The beer does nothing to him and he is unhurt. That night a hedgehog pricks him. In his reaction he throw his hatchet to the hedgehog, but it mist. Then he saw the sparks who come from the hatchet. That night he has a dream about his father who says him that he with his hatchet can make fire. He makes the fire with small twigs, grass, a twenty-dollar bill and a ll other k... Free Essays on Hatchet Free Essays on Hatchet Theme: The theme of the story Hatchet is determination, perseverance and survival. Brian Robeson, whose parents are divorced, flies to visit his father in Canadian forest. His pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian managed to crash land the plane in a lake, and escape merly dazed. Now comes the hard part, surviving in the forest until rescued. the only thing he has is a hatchet that his mother had given him as a present. Summary: The plane ride to see his father in the Canadian forest is Brians first time in an airplane. He tells this to the pilot and tells him that he is scared. The pilot feels sorry for Brian and then showsw him that flying is not hard at all. He lets Brian take the wh7eel and controlof the flight for awhile. Just when Brian thinks that everything is going well, the pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian knows he must land the plane himself or die. He tries to use the radio but it doesn't work. He knows that if he hits the trees, he can die, so he decides to land in the water of a lake. After crash landing in the water, he gets out through a window. He lay on the bank of the lake for a while to rest. Brian knew he needed food and shelter to survive so he set out to find them. He was very careful not to get lost or go too far from the lake where his water was. He found a cherry tree and because of how hungry he was, he ate all he could. He filled his windbreaker with cherries to e at later and then managed to find a cave for shelter. He slept very well, but in the morning when he awoke, he saw a bear in the cave. He was terrified, because the bear was only about 20 feet away eating his cherries out of his windbreaker. The bear only looked at Brian and then left. The cherries must have been enough to fill his appetite! He figured out how make a fire, which was very important to his survival. He needed to have one at the opening of the cave to protect him from wild animals, and to signal for help. He discovered it... Free Essays on Hatchet Brian Robeson, a 13-years old boy, is in an airplane on the way to his father. His parents have split up, and in the summer he will live by his father. His father works at the oilfields in Canada. The pilot of the airplane says not much but he smells very at sweat. Than the pilot have a heart attack, and die. Brian tried to call for help with the radio, but it didn’t work. He takes the headphone and the microphone of the pilot’s head and says that he is alone in an airplane and that the pilot has died. Someone hearts him but the radio falls out. Brian flights farther with the plane. When the pilot lived he told him how easy it is to fly. Then he sees that there isn’t more petrol. He decides to make an emergency landing in a lake. He escapes from the airplane and swim ashore. He falls asleep and after a many of hours he wakes up. He lies down near the lake. Millions of mosquitoes attack him. Then he falls asleep again and when he wakes up he is very thirsty. He dr inks of the lake, but he don’t know of the water drinkable is. The only thing he has to survive is a hatchet. He gets it from his mother when he goes away. Then he tries to find some food. He follows some birds and saw that they were eating berries. He eats so much as he can and go back to his shelter. At night, when he sleeps he wakes up. He has a stomach-ache, the berries aren’t edible. He threw up and has diarrhea. Next day he find a kind of a little cave. This cave reconstructs he to a good shelter. Then he find some edible food. Strawberry’s. When he picks some strawberry’s there comes a beer. The beer does nothing to him and he is unhurt. That night a hedgehog pricks him. In his reaction he throw his hatchet to the hedgehog, but it mist. Then he saw the sparks who come from the hatchet. That night he has a dream about his father who says him that he with his hatchet can make fire. He makes the fire with small twigs, grass, a twenty-dollar bill and a ll other k...

Capturing memorable moments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capturing memorable moments - Essay Example To my mind, this is due to the fact that while prose presents images and information through the medium of the authors words, photography narrows the distance between the viewer and the object. In this way, the messages and images which a photo contains appear to be more vivid and articulate. Apart from that, the power of an image also lies in the possibility to grasp all its details immediately and see a picture as a whole. In contrast, the nature of the prose requires the details to be uncovered slowly, sentence by sentence. Obviously, this also can be a powerful tool to deliver the general message, however, as for me, this way is less successful in focusing solely on a situation and on the personal emotions which they call, rather than view the situations through the lens of an author. In a sum, although, each of the given works by Nachwey represent a vivid picture and is likely to produce strong emotional response from the audience, I found â€Å"Crushing Car† more articulate. The author managed to capture the moment that reflects the horror and tragedy of the event. As a result, this still image calls the full range of emotions that cannot leave one ignorant. The essay by Nachtwey raises important questions that reinforce the power of the still image and the power of seeing events rather than listening of imagining them. Visible suffering is to the great extend more striking and is likely to leave a long lasting effect on a person than invisible. In this context, I would argue that vision of the suffering is more powerful than hearing about it or imaging, because the first relates to personal and real experience of a person while the second and the third is about assuming how something occurred. Furthermore, I doubt that in the process of imagining a situation a person can, in fact, restore the horror that occurred in full. A simple example: everyone hears about the realities of

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Business Environment - Essay Example According to Mishra (2011), it had market capitalization of about $220 billion as of spring 2010. It has implemented a multi-million dollar marketing campaign by slogan â€Å"Think Different† so that it can fulfil its objective of being the number one alternative for the customers of mobile device and computer industries. It has been stated by Schipanova (2008) that the main goal of the corporation is to differentiate its products from the competitors such as Dell, Microsoft, HP, Toshiba and others by offering its customers highly innovative and unique options. It aims to capture the leading position both in mobile device and PC industries by developing products with latest technology. In order to make sure that it is able to compete effectively, it has heavily invested in its Research and Development department and facilities so all offerings are free from any defects. One of the top-ranked companies in the technology sector is Elektron Technology UK Limited that is a subsidiary of Elektron Technology PLC that has been present in the market for many years. It has been offering top quality solutions to its customers by offering them instant solutions for monitoring and control, instrumentation and connectivity. The leading brands of the company are Sifam, Arcolectric, Carnation Designs, Bulgin, Queensgate and Digitron. The mission of the company is to provide superior quality components for electromechanical along with instrumentation products that have been developed with the latest technology without causing any damage to the environment. In order to achieve its desired mission, the main objective of the company is to constantly introduce new and innovative solutions to the customers so that they are able to meet the technological needs in the best possible way (Elektron Technology, 2012). From the analysis of mission and goals of both companies, it is

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example for Free

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay The Lottery written by Shirley Jackson tells such a story: There is an ancient traditional annual event held in a small town in America. Anyone who wins the â€Å"lottery† will be stoned to death for harvest. Tessie is the new unluckier this time, who has to suffer this cruel and inhumane punishment. Seen deeply, females’ inferior position is showed elaborately in this novel. First, the appellation to females shows that they are in subordination to males. â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square† (Jackson, 2), â€Å"she said to Mrs.   Delacroix† (Jackson, 2), â€Å"Mrs. Dunbar said regretfully† (Jackson, 3). Here â€Å"Mrs. Delacroix†, â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson† and â€Å"Mrs. Dunbar† all suggest that one female cannot be an individual being after her marriage, since she has to be a part of her husband by calling her â€Å"Mrs†. When Tessie comes lately, the villager’s addresses that â€Å"Here comes your Missus, Hutchinson† (Jackson, 2) instead of calling her own name also shows that she has become a subordinate object for her husband. Just like Lakoff says in his book Language and Womans Place, â€Å"It is with Mrs, Miss, and Mr.  Since a significant part of the opinion one normally forms about a womans character and social station depends on her marital status as is not the case with men† (Lakoff, 73). This phenomenon is common all over the world. Why don’t males change their appellations like female do? Actually, the marriage cannot change anything but the couple’s new relationship and family lifestyle. So does a female have to compromise to become her husband’s stooge? Perhaps only when she makes accomplishment can she be introduced as an independent individual. Those who are satisfied with their status quo are likely to accept the new subsidiary address. Thus, females’ subordinated appellations gradually become accustomed. Second, the role of being a housewife unconsciously influences a female’s equal right to fulfill her own accomplishment. In the novel, â€Å"Mrs. Hutchinson came hurriedly along the path to the square, her sweater thrown over her shoulders†¦ â€Å"Clean forgot what day it was,† she said to Mrs. Delacroix†¦She dried her hands on her apron†¦Wouldnt have me leave mdishes in the sink, now, would you, Joe? † (Jackson, 3) Tessie’s words and the act of â€Å"drying her hands on her apron† suggest the female’s low social position at that time. Obviously, if she does not â€Å"win the lottery†, her next work is to rush home and serve meals for the family, since the traditional allocation of family roles has subsided into an established social norm: once a woman is married, she will give up her career and play the role of a housewife, heart and soul. So how can a female have more time to do something more prominent fulfillment since she has been limited into such situation? It’s no wonder that females do not share the equal position to do something more meaningful to some extent. Just like Journalist Ruth Franklin subtitled her 2010 piece in The New Republic: â€Å"On Shirley Jackson and the challenge of being both a mother and a writer† (p. 1). She says, â€Å"In the 1950s, just as much as now, women can only write when the baby naps, or while the children are at school, or after the dishes are done and the lunches are packed and the house is, at last, quiet. This sort of logistics has always worked with efficiency, once the woman understands that no matter how smoothly the thoughts are flowing, they will have to stop when the school bus comes. It works as a resignation to frustration† (FRANKLIN, 2010). It’s easy to perceive that Shirley Jackson’s writing career is somewhat influenced demonstrably because of her female identity. Being both as a mother and a wife, she has to regard her career—writing as the secondary mission to the family. The embarrassing situation she faced is linked with any females at that time. Thus, the role of being a housewife unconsciously influences a female’s equal right to fulfill her own accomplishment. Third, females don’t have the power to make decisions. As it is showed in the novel, males govern all the affairs, â€Å"The lottery was conducted by Mr. Summers; The postmaster, Mr. Graves carried a three- legged stool; Mr. Martin†¦ came forward to hold the box steady on the stool† (Jackson, 1). Three most powerful men dominate the whole village politically and financially. â€Å"There were the lists to make up of heads of families, heads of households in each family† (Jackson 2), which suggests the male’s dominant position in a family. Moreover, â€Å"Dunbar’s wife substituted him to draw the lottery because he had broken his leg, but Mr.  Summers asked whether she had a grown boy to do it† (Jackson, 2) also shows that the unusuality of a female to do such an essencial and decisive thing. In the end, Tessie’s death is another evidence to show that female is not only inferior, but a victim in that lamentable social circumstance. Having no rights to make decisions, females doom to be decided instead of deciding. Thus, the female’s inferior position has formed. In a world, females’ inferior position is shown elaborately in The Lottery. Their appellations, their family division of the labor and their no power to make decisions all display the inferior position of females.

Stress Reduction: Meditation, Medication, And Relaxation

Stress Reduction: Meditation, Medication, And Relaxation This research highlights the effects of stress at work place, and on personal healthy. There are three indicators for stress they are; emotional, and physical. Stress in general is not hazardous, but if it continues for a long time it become chronic, and may affect persons life. Therefore I am going to present three ways to cope with stress they are: medication, meditation, and relaxation. Meditation and relaxation are two safe ways unlike medication which contain some kind of drugs and it have many side effects. Finally I will give some hints to reduce stress at work socially. Stress isnt illness but theres quite a bit of evidence that it increases the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, and mental health problems. So people can become ill because of chronic stress (Barber, 2008). Stress hormones constrict blood vessels, speed up the heartbeat, and make the heart and blood vessels especially reactive to further stress.(Harvard letter) -(www.health.harvard.edu). Work is the most important factor in peoples life, it affects on their whole life. In work place, every employer or employee try to do the best, therefore employers tend to challenge each other which can be a source of stress. This source is known as the interaction between individuals and any source of demand (stressor). (Bonita, 1995). The United Nations World Labor Report attributes the source of stress to work places that can increase stress levels and they are: long work hours; role conflict; physical hazard exposures; and interpersonal conflicts with coworkers or supervisors. (Bonita, 1995).Consequently stress causes healthy problems and social conflicts. Therefore medication, meditation, relaxation, and job management are powerful ways to over come stress. Signs and symptoms: They are divided into two categories emotional, and physical. Emotional: Feeling irritable, feeling frustrated at having to wait for something, feeling restless, unable to concentrate, Becoming easily confused, Having memory problems, Thinking about negative things all the time, Negative self-talk, Having marked mood swings, Eating too much, Eating when you are not hungry, Finding it difficult to concentrate, Not having enough energy to get things done, Feeling you cant cope, Finding it hard to make decisions, Having emotional outbursts, Generally feeling upset, and Lack of sense of humor.( www.changingminds.org) Physical: Muscle tension, low back pain, pains in shoulders or neck, pains in chest, stomach/abdominal pain, muscle spasms or nervous tics, unexplained rashes or skin irritations, Pounding or racing heart, sweaty palms, sweating when not physically active, Butterflies in stomach, indigestion and the gurgles, diarrhea, unable to sleep or excessive sleep, shortness of breath, and holding breath. (www.changingminds.org) Medication: Before beginning with types of medicines, brain is related or affected by hormones and these hormones are responsible for feeling and behavior. There are as many as systems that control function of the body and the brain, they are affected by many factors, especially stress. Medicines balance the release of hormones, which decrease stress. There is no one specific family of medicines that is used to decrease stress. Physicians prescribe a range of medications to set specific stress-related symptoms. For example, Sedatives and Antidepressants they use to help people to cope with stress. The role of Sedatives is to decrease the activity of the central nervous system, which makes persons feel more relaxed. This family contains the following types of medicines: Benzodiazepines which include alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), triazolam (Halcion), temazepam (Restoril), and chlordiazepoxide (Librium). These medicines acts on a naturally occurring neurotransmitter substance in the brain called GABA whose role is to slow down the activity of the brain. The side effect of these medicines in a higher dose can cause slurred speech, an impaired ability to walk around, poor judgment, and slowed reflexes. (www.mhmrtc.org) Antidepressant, their use is to treat depression. However they are used also used to treat stress symptoms. The family name of these medications is called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) they contain medicines such as Paxil, Prozac, and Lexapro. They directly affect on the primary cells in the brain whos called Neurons, they are connected to each other by a chemical messengers known as a neurotransmitters. The process of communication releases a neurotransmitter chemical into a space between neurons known as the synapse, where it makes contact with a receiving neuron and stimulates that neuron into action. Having completed its communication job, the Serotonin gets sucked back up by the sending neuron in a process called reuptake. When reuptake happens too quickly or efficiently the net effect is that not enough Serotonin is present to properly do its job, and mood regulation problems can result. They can cause nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, sleep disturbances, and a wi de range of sexual arousal and climax problems as side effects.(www.mhmrtc.org) Meditation: Meditation is an important example for relief of stress, and it had been used from hundred years ago. It is an effective way to cope with stress without taking medicine, and it is known as a self helping process. The example that I took is Yoga. Yoga is one of the oldest systems of health. The practice of Yoga is to normalize the production of thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland is the master regular of all other glands, and as the glands are connected with stress and emotion the ability to increase or decrease thyroid activity can be an important self-help process. There have been more than a thousand studies since 1970s for Yoga. The studies have demonstrated that Yoga can bring that about stress and anxiety alleviation, blood and heart rate reduction, improved memory and intelligence, pain alleviation, and many other benefits. Relaxation: Stress management begins with identifying sources of stress. To identify your source of stress look at you habits, and your attitude. Try to answer these questions: What caused your stress- how you felt physically and emotionally- how do you act in response- what you did to make yourself feel better. Your goal is to change the situation or to change your reaction. If you canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t avoid a stressful situation, then try to face it. Express your feeling instead of bottling them up. Be willing to compromise, be more assertive, and manage your time better. These are healthy ways to relief form stress: Go for a walk, spend time in nature, call a good friend, take a long bath, listen to music, and you can watch a comedy film. For deep explanation, you should set aside relaxation time. This time you should set alone without any interruption from others, its your time to take a beak from every thing donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t remember any thing about the past nor things about your future. Second helpful thing that you should make connection with friends; spend time with good friends that may help you to over come your conflicts. Eating healthy food may also help, you can also avoid caffeine and sugar because they increase energy and affects you mood; cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs they relief you for a while, but the relief is not permanent. Do try to escape from your problems by these kinds of things, solve your problems with a clear mind. And finally sleeping probably, and getting enough time for sleep helps your mind to relax and recharge, because the more you are tired the more stress you will have. (www.helpguide.org) Stress management at work: Work is the most important factor in peoples life and it affects on their whole life, so every one try to do the best, employers tend to challenge each other which can be a source of stress. The United Nations World Labor Report writes about the factors that may increase stress level and they are: long work hours, role conflict, physical hazard exposures; and interpersonal conflicts with coworkers or supervisors. So the first thing you do is the job control. You are faced as many as status in your work place, bad dealing with employers, coworkers, and customers means bad situations which makes the feeling of stress more and more, so you must have the control on every single thing in your job. Their some strategies may help you to reduce work related stress given by Lazarus 1991 they are: First thing is to alter the working conditions so that they are less stressful or more conducive to effective coping. This strategy is most appropriate for large numbers of workers working under severe conditions. Examples include altering physical annoyances such as noise levels, or changing organizational decision-making processes to include employees. Second step is to help individuals adapt by teaching them better coping strategies for conditions that are impossible or difficult to change. A limitation to this strategy is that it is costly to deal with each individuals unique transaction with the environment. Intervention strategies could include individual counseling services for employees, Employee Assistance Programs, or specialized stress management programs, such as cognitive behavioral interventions. The third step is to identify the stressful relationship between the individual or group and the work setting. Intervention strategies might include changes in worker assignment to produce a better person-environment fit, or it could involve teaching coping strategies for individuals who share common coping deficits. (e.g., training in relaxation skills). (www.ericdigests.org) Deep breathing for stress relief: Sit comfortably with your back straight. Sit comfortably with your back straight. Put one hand on your chest and the other on your stomach. Breathe in through your nose. The hand on your stomach should rise. The hand on your chest should move very little. Exhale through your mouth, pushing out as much air as you can while contracting your abdominal muscles. The hand on your stomach should move in as you exhale, but your other hand should move very little. Continue to breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth. Try to inhale enough so that your lower abdomen rises and falls. Count slowly as you exhale. Muscle relaxation for stress relief: Loosen your clothing, take off your shoes, and get comfortable. Take a few minutes to relax, breathing in and out in slow, deep breaths. When youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re relaxed and ready to start, shift your attention to your right foot. Take a moment to focus on the way it feels. Slowly tense the muscles in your right foot, squeezing as tightly as you can. Hold for a count of 10. Relax your right foot. Focus on the tension flowing away and the way your foot feels as it becomes limp and loose. Stay in this relaxed state for a moment, breathing deeply and slowly. When youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re ready, shift your attention to your left foot. Follow the same sequence of muscle tension and release. Move slowly up through your body-legs, abdomen, back, neck, face. (www.helpguide.org) Conclusion: Depending on the research; first stress is not hazardous but it is in chronic stress. There are many ways to over come or to cope with stress. Self helping is the most important way to deal with stress. Also dealing with stressors at work place, and practicing relaxation technique is an important factor to decrease stress level, unlike taking medicines which have many side effects on body.

Gender Inequality in Education Essay

Gender Inequality is the unjust behaviour or insights of people on the basis of gender. In regards to education, we can then say, gender inequality in education is the discrimination of individuals based on gender in schools. When talking about this gender inequality it is quite obvious that the ones being discriminated are the females. Education is a fundamental right, which should not be restricted to a certain gender, every human being, male or female has a right to education. No matter the form of inequality it is bad for an economy and well-being. The impact is more severe if when it is viewed from the perspective of gender and even more detrimental when the resources allocated are unfair against women. A society that its hierarchal organisation have a habit of placing men in choice making positions and women demoted to economic work that seeks limited work and does not give them the satisfactory resources of means of support is a society that is put in danger. (Ijaiya & I.O.Bal ogun) This issue of gender inequality in education is far more prominent in less developed countries, plus Nigeria where quite a number of readings have shown that under the backings of religion and tradition the men discriminate against women hence divesting them access to skills and education for useful activities. (Ijaiya & I.O.Balogun) In general education is well-defined as a long life progression through which a person’s progress is smoothed so that he can be beneficial to his society and to himself. From this definition, my concern here is the western education because it the most important form of education in the world which is more prominent and its achievement, regardless of what level one has attained is seen to be very significant to the development of an economy, since it allows people accomplish new tasks and to assess and adjust to new jobs. Gender inequality in education affects a lot of things in countries, it affects economic growth as it brings down the level of human resources because when some of the population that could have  contributed to somethings are not educated, they do not amount to much in the society. There has been a lot of concerns with women when it comes to education and it is not a new thing. History of Gender Inequality in Education For some time now, there has been a change in gender success all through education; in the late 1980’s underachievement by girls was common; girls were less likely than boys to gain one or more A-levels and also not likely to go on to advanced education. In the 1990’s there was a quick reversal; girls started doing better than boys. In the year 2006 10% more females were gaining more A-levels than males. This gender diversion has been viewed from a social perspective. (Gender and Educational Attainment, 2014) In the 1990’s gender discrimination was still evident in the society though women were attaining greater success throughout work and education. The Education Reform Act of 1998 (important piece of education in Wales, Northern Island and England) which brought coursework helped girls as they tend to be generally more organised and care about the how their work looks than the males. Feminists consider that the purpose of education ought to be to benefit and advantage disadvantaged women. In a feminists view this is not wrong as what that is what they seek. The 1998 Education Reform Act indicates clearly that women are to be given more chance to attain education. Some girls were interviewed in the 1970’s and others were interviewed in the 1990’s, it was found that main concern had changed, it had changed from marriage and love in the 1970’s to careers and jobs in 1990’s. From this it is quite obvious there has been an increase in career ambitions. Two things could have influenced this, contemporary socialisation from media and parents or achievement from course works. (Gender and Educational Attainment, 2014) A conceptual Issue Wellbeing and Gender Inequality, according to the World Bank a key determinant of wellbeing in a country is the presence of a stable economy and its growth. Inequality is frequently referred to as lack of equivalence. One of the concerns of gender inequality when it comes to education is that it could pointer to a whole great deal of violence against women, which might make it hard for them to talk about issues of power. If this  inequality is such that leads women into having little access to education as well as limited skills for dynamic employment, it will have an effect on them when it comes to poverty of the present and also of that of the next generation. An illiterate woman with restricted access to income cannot take care of her children in regard to nutrition and health; and a woman with so much work and has no regular access to income might use their daughter’s labour for survival which might end up depriving them of a chance to gain education. (Sheehan, 2012) Effects It is also observed that gender inequality in education may weaken development goals. It may avert increase in child mortality and fertility and the increase of education on the next generation. There is absolutely no doubt that education has a main impact on economic growth, as the more educated people in a society, the better the economy of that society. Studies have conventionally used years spent in schooling as a variable to measure education. There is a strong proof that quality of education is more essential than the quantity of education. Gender inequality in education influences education indirectly, through dissimilar ways such as by dropping the fertility rate, growing life span of population and social unity. Gender inequality has a negative impact on the outcome of education, which will also have a negative impact on the economy’s growth. These can happen in so many ways. Girls who are schooling in a school where there is high inequality might end up believing the re will inequality in the society, which might hinder their opportunity for success in life. These would lead to decrease in their performance in school. Gender inequality does not only manifest itself in education but also in other areas, like, politics, education etc. (Sheehan, 2012) While numbers of children not in school has dropped, and number of girls not in school has declined from 58% to 54% in 2010, in some countries there has been limited progress in children getting into schools, many which are girls, and girls from poor households continue being one of the groups at jeopardy of never attending school. In 2006 in Pakistan, 60% of children not in school were girls while only 12% of poor Hausa girls in Nigeria went to school. The odds of getting to school are not in favour of girls from poor households. Girls’ enrolment in Yemen is vividly much lesser than boys and the same case goes for Pakistan when  attendance is the case analysed. (Engendering Empowerment: Education and Equality , 2010) It is seen also that gender is not regarded as a serious issue compared to poverty, some officials in the South African Education Department said: Gender is not a primary issue to them because they deal more with poverty, whether one is male or female poverty is still poverty, they get to deal with hunger and that does not discriminate. From what they can see, gender is not an issue. Poverty is an issue also but to think it is more important that gender inequality in education is totally wrong, from what I have said earlier, the more educated people the lesser the chances of poverty, so, a way to tackle poverty is to tackle gender inequality in education first. Another South African is worried that focusing on gender will distract from the poorest needs, saying that there is a risk involved with having too much emphasis on gender issues, saying that it is an issue that would be taken well in resourced areas rather than areas with the majority being the poor. (Engendering Empowerment: Education and Equality , 2010) In conclusion, what this paper is saying is, Gender Inequality in Education is an ongoing issue that is declining but not going away anytime soon. It is a problem that comes with its own problems, meaning it affects economic growth and development. A way to decrease the number of inequality is to educate people especially those in the rural areas that the girl child’s education is just as important as the male’s child. Every individual male or female should not be discriminated on the basis of anything talk less of education, education is key. Say NO to Gender equality in Education. Works Cited Engendering Empowerment: Education and Equality . (2010). United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative , (pp. 15-25). Dakar. Gender and Educational Attainment. (2014). Retrieved from History Learning Site: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/gender_education_attainment.htm Ijaiya, T. G., & I.O.Balogun. (n.d.). Estimating the Impact of Gender Inequality in Education on the well-being of women in Nigeria. Kolhapur: Serials Publications. Sheehan, K. (2012). Does Gender Inequality in Education Affect Educational Outcomes? Connecticut.

Bond Market Power

The reasons behind James Carville's quote stating that if he would want to be reincarnated as the Bond Market as appose to a political figure or religious leader (Ferguson, N, 2008) is clear, the Bond market since its inception over 800 years ago has been the most influential financial instrument throughout history. Its longevity and power far surpasses any leader. It affects the outcome of wars, the success and failures of even the largest economies and also touches the lives of individual people. The below paper will discuss the history and origins of such a Debt Instrument, its rise in America inspiring James Carville's quote. Also how the Bond Market works, its components and its power over economies throughout history using examples to support this. Concluding this analysis with the Bond Market in Ireland and how it has been greatly affected by the current economic climate. Origins and Early History of the Bond Market: Nations, races and religions have been at war since the dawn of time and has seen many wars; there have been countless debates as to what ultimately plays the most important role in winning a war. Many people would argue that it is the size of an army, some would say it is the General at the forefront of a battlefield, others would denote it to technological advances in weaponry. These arguments all have one factor in common, they all need to be funded by money; money to pay soldiers, to reward Generals and to pay for arms. The amount of money which a town, country or kingdom has to fund a war is what determines victory. Niall Ferguson outlines the historic origins of the Bond Market very informatively in †The Ascent of Money† tracing the use of Bonds, to as far back as the early 14th century in Italy. Throughout the 14th and 15th Century, Italian cities were at war with one and other. Florence, Pisa and Siena being the main cities at war with each other among others. As concluded above, it is money which is the most influential strategy or weapon to be victorious against the other cities and in the case of Florence we see that by funding their wars they landed their town into major debt. How could Florence pay back this debt? Imposing tax increases would lead to upheaval, they therefore came up with the revolutionary idea of a commonly coined term: â€Å"Government IOU's† (Ferguson, N 2008); the wealthier citizens would lend the Government money over an agreed period of time receiving regular interest payments on said loan. The ideal factor in this agreement is that these IOUS's could be sold to other citizens prior to their maturity making them a liquid asset. This debt instrument saw the birth of the Bond Market. By the early 14th Century, two thirds of households were the Florentine Governments prime lenders in financing their â€Å"Mountain of Debt†. (Ferguson, N 2008). While it seems like a win-win situation for both investors and the Government a critical point arose, if a Government kept going to war and kept issuing Bonds to pay for such wars, how could an investor be guaranteed the investment would be returned. It is this point which highlights the link between the Bond Market and is power over economies. Governments undertaking this idea grew throughout the 16th and 17th century, some using towns as intermediaries; France with Paris hotel de ville, Spain utilizing Genoas Casa di San Girgio and Antwerp's beurs. (Ferguson, N, 2008) But it is the 18th Century and the British consol which paints the most relevant picture as to the rise of the Bond Market and the extent of its power, both from the perspective of winning battles and to be capitalized as a rewarding investment; The Battle of Waterloo being the best example of this. Nathan Rothschild was the most prominent figure at that time in the UK financial world and due to this and his reputation of being a successful Gold smuggler, he was given the task by the British Government of using funds from the issuance of Bonds to purchase amounts of gold to finance the Duke of Wellingtons battles. Rothschild was commissioned to deliver  £600,000 worth of Gold but instead collected  £2 million worth of bullion reserves. It is when the war was announced over and won by the British in 1815 that Rothschild had a problem of having an overly excessive gold reserve from his gold piling mission. He then, in a clear way of capitalizing on the Bond Markets in such a historic way, made one of the best investment decisions of his life. Post being informed of the Duke of Wellingtons victory, Rothschild purchased the British Bonds before the market had an opportunity to react, expecting the price to rise with increased stability of the Government due to the victory at Waterloo. Rothschild purchased the British Consol initially on 20 July 1815 and then again in subsequent years until selling at a peak in late 1817 at an increase of 40%. It is this display of financial valour and a clear inter connection between Government economies and the Bond Market which saw its rise to power in the global financial world. (Ferguson, N 2008). Linking the above to America and ultimately James Carville's quote, we can begin with the oldest impact of the Bond Market on American History, the American Civil War. The South approached the Rothschilds to back them as they did Britain in Waterloo but the Rothschild decided to opt out, this resonated throughout the entire European quarter which led to the an ingenious idea by the Confederacy to offer â€Å"cotton backed bonds† to the Europeans which basically guaranteed the bonds with Cotton making them a less risky initiative. Because the south monopolised the global cotton supply, they could influence prices thus making the cotton backed bonds more expensive leading to the increase in Bond price and ultimately funding for the Civil War. This is why it is said that the fall of New Orleans (cotton producer of the south) in April 1862 was the true definitive moment in the American Civil War, as a result the Bond prices fell astronomically and hence the financial backing for the Confederacy, the end of the war being 1865 with the North claiming victory. (Ferguson, N 2008). Bond Market America 1900's – 1990's Clinton Administration: In terms of the US Treasury Bond Market, it began as part funding for World War I. The war was financed through a rise in taxes and through the sale of war bonds, called â€Å"Liberty Bonds†. Over $21 billion dollars of debt were raised in maturities that came due after the war. Budget surpluses were not enough to cover the debt and so converted into T-bills, notes and bonds. These amounts were paid down regularly until borrowings were increased during the Great Depression of 1929. Foreign governments became holders of United States debt as they began to have surpluses in the balance of trade. As the Government deficit rose during World War II and accelerated during the Vietnam war, the debt markets and the rise of debt related trading instruments has dominated financial markets. In the early 1980s, bond yields rose substantially due to increases in commodity prices, labor wage increases and expanding deficits. Bond prices anticipate rising amounts of future debt and thus yields rise. (www.ehow.com). U.S. interest rates beginning in 1900-2010: (observationsandnotes.blogspot.com) The graph above shows U.S. interest rates beginning in 1900. From 1953 onward, the rates are 10-year U.S. Treasury Note rates, plotted monthly; prior to 1953, they're the less granular. This can support the previous paragraph's historical perspective in the ascent of the US Bond Market, in that we see how the interest rates drop from the depression and how it slowly began to rise post the Vietnam War in the late 60's early 70's.( observationsandnotes.blogspot.com). Placing the James Carville quote into perspective and in line with the time at which it was stated, during the Clinton administration. We can see according to some the destruction of the Bond Market happen in the US in 1994 entirely caused by the policies of said Administration. In 1993 President Clinton began with a plan to kick push the economy. His view was that all he needed to push the economy was lower interest rates. Short-term interest rates can fall for many reasons; public expectations change, increased savings increase, the market or as Adam Smith coined the â€Å"Invisible Hand† drives down interest rates as a signal for more investment. (Smith, A 1991). The same can happen artificially as the central bank expands credit and intentionally causes increased money supply within the economy, the central bank creates distortions in the capital structure, including stocks and bonds, while an increase in private savings allows steady economic growth. The Clinton administration, pushed the Federal reserve to lower short-term interest rates. Making money cheap and plentiful to pump up spending. But there is a fine line between plenty of money and plenty of devalued money. One is higher prices or in other words Inflation, lowers the purchasing power of money, which forces the Fed, sooner or later, to raise the interest rates back to a higher level. The usual consequence is an economic slowdown or even recession. A by-product may be a lower exchange rate internationally. But the actual consequence in the time of the Clinton administration was the bond market collapse. (Pongracic, I, 1995) So far we have tracked the history of the Bond Market from its origins in Italy to its rise within the US economy, but what is the Bond Market technically and how can we analyze the Bond Market and break it down to see how it operates within the financial system in today's terms? The Bond Market and How it works: When dissecting the bond market and its relevance and importance in today's terms we do not associate it too much to the funding of wars or the financing of battles, as we did with Waterloo, The American Civil War and Vietnam, we view it like Nathan Rothschild did, as an investment tool. Stocks historically produce higher rates of return than other investments but at the same time carry with a substantial amount of risk, also noting that it is at the Board of Directors discretion to pay out dividends on common stocks. The alternative being Bonds on the other hand have a maturity date at which time the Bond is redeemed at the issuing price. US Treasury Bonds interest and redemption payments are backed by the U.S Treasury thus rendering them â€Å"risk free† . (Faerber, Esme, 1993) The word †BOND† means contract, agreement, or guarantee. An investor who purchases a bond is lending money to the issuer , and the bond represents the issuer's contractual promise to pay the interest and repay the principle according to specified terms. The issuers themselves can be the National Government, Lower Levels of Government , Corporations and Securitisation Vehicles. (Levinson, M, 2000). Bonds are traded on both the Primary and Secondary Capital Markets along with Stocks and Mortgages, they are first introduced as initial public offerings or IPO's on the primary market and then can be traded or sold on the secondary market before maturity. The Par, face or maturity value of the Bond is the amount the issuer must pay at maturity. The coupon rate is the rate of interest paid on the bond. If the repayment of Bond are not met, the holder can claim on the assets of the issuer, (in the above Civil War example, the South's cotton). Long term bonds traded in the capital market include long term government notes and bonds, municipal bonds and corporate bonds. When dealing in Corporate Bonds, Default risk is an important factor of Bonds, as it is the main factor which influences a Bonds Interest Rate. This can be explained to be the risk that the issuer will not be able to meet interest payments and pay the principle back to the investor. If the possibility of default increases because the corporation is suffering losses the default risk will increase and their expected return on these bonds will decrease. Due to this importance, it is the credit rating agencies which assess the risk of default of Companies and Governments alike and rate them according to likeliness of default. (Mishkin, F.S, 2006) When buying and selling bonds, investors can utilize brokerage firms as they do with other investments and in the case of U.S Treasury Bonds can purchase them directly, it is when successfully realising where its best to buy and sell bonds which leads the investor in gaining from both differences in bond pricing and in commission costs. The Irish Economy & its Bond Market a midst the crisis: As displayed above, the main way for countries to raise fund when required are theough the Bond Markets. They are also a a key indicator as to the economic position of that country. This is because the more concerns the markets have about a nations financial stability, the more expensive it is for that government to issue its Bonds and raise money. A midst the Irish Financial Crisis and the troubles of Irelands Banks, mainly due to the blanket guarantee annoiunced by the Irish Finance Minister John Lenihan, Ireland have found it so much more costly to attract interest in their bonds this year. This is due to the Government accepting responsibility for Commercial Bank’s risky Loan Books, considering these loans will more than likely be defaulted so is the risk that the Irish Government will default on their soveirgn debt. Due to the above, the market prices of Irish Bonds have fallen in recent months, pushing up the yields. The yield on a 10-year Irish bond reached about 9% at one point. That is very high. The UK government – in spite of all its financial difficulties – can borrow for 10 years at just over 3%. (bbc.co.uk).

Free Essays on Don Miguel Larreynaga.

Don Miguel Larreynaga. Don Miguel Larreynaga, nacià ³ en el 29 de septiembre de 1772 en Telica, pueblo situado cerca de la ciudad de Leà ³n, donde aprendià ³ a leer y escribir con los religiosos de La Merced. Luego ingresà ³ al Seminario de San Ramà ³n a estudiar Gramtica Latina y Filosofà ­a. A sus dieciocho aà ±os, se incorpora a la Universidad de Guatemala con el grado de Bachiller en Artes, concluyendo el bachillerato en Leyes y Derecho Canà ³nico en 1798. El siglo XVIII recibe inicindose en cargos pà ºblicos como Relator Interino de la Audiencia en Guatemala. Se recibe de abogado en 1801 y es nombrado asesor de Guerra del Escuadrà ³n de Sonsonate. En 1805 desempeà ±a funciones de Defensor de Bienes Intestados, Juez de Relacià ³n de la Audiencia y Abogado Relator de la Junta Superior de Hacienda. Don Miguel Larreynaga, fue uno de los tantos representantes de Nicaragua, en Guatemala el 15 de Septiembre de 1821 cuando a las ocho de la maà ±ana el Capitn General Gabino Gainza sostiene una reunià ³n en su casa para discutir su destino. En la reunià ³n donde estaban congregados una gran multitud de gente, se analiza la situacià ³n de la Capitanà ­a ante el hecho de que dos provincias entonces centroamericanas, Chiapas y Soconosco, habà ­an proclamado la independencia conforme al "Plan de Iguala" de Agustà ­n Iturbide. Don Miguel, cuyo criterio era sumamente respetado, se pronuncià ³ en esa asamblea en apoyo a la tesis de la proclamacià ³n inmediata de la independencia de Centroamà ©rica, elocuentemente defendida por el Prroco Dr. Josà © Marà ­a Castilla. Tambià ©n suscribià ³ el Acta de Independencia y formà ³ parte de la primera Junta Consultiva, creada ese mismo dà ­a, en representacià ³n de Nicaragua, su provincia natal.... Free Essays on Don Miguel Larreynaga. Free Essays on Don Miguel Larreynaga. Don Miguel Larreynaga. Don Miguel Larreynaga, nacià ³ en el 29 de septiembre de 1772 en Telica, pueblo situado cerca de la ciudad de Leà ³n, donde aprendià ³ a leer y escribir con los religiosos de La Merced. Luego ingresà ³ al Seminario de San Ramà ³n a estudiar Gramtica Latina y Filosofà ­a. A sus dieciocho aà ±os, se incorpora a la Universidad de Guatemala con el grado de Bachiller en Artes, concluyendo el bachillerato en Leyes y Derecho Canà ³nico en 1798. El siglo XVIII recibe inicindose en cargos pà ºblicos como Relator Interino de la Audiencia en Guatemala. Se recibe de abogado en 1801 y es nombrado asesor de Guerra del Escuadrà ³n de Sonsonate. En 1805 desempeà ±a funciones de Defensor de Bienes Intestados, Juez de Relacià ³n de la Audiencia y Abogado Relator de la Junta Superior de Hacienda. Don Miguel Larreynaga, fue uno de los tantos representantes de Nicaragua, en Guatemala el 15 de Septiembre de 1821 cuando a las ocho de la maà ±ana el Capitn General Gabino Gainza sostiene una reunià ³n en su casa para discutir su destino. En la reunià ³n donde estaban congregados una gran multitud de gente, se analiza la situacià ³n de la Capitanà ­a ante el hecho de que dos provincias entonces centroamericanas, Chiapas y Soconosco, habà ­an proclamado la independencia conforme al "Plan de Iguala" de Agustà ­n Iturbide. Don Miguel, cuyo criterio era sumamente respetado, se pronuncià ³ en esa asamblea en apoyo a la tesis de la proclamacià ³n inmediata de la independencia de Centroamà ©rica, elocuentemente defendida por el Prroco Dr. Josà © Marà ­a Castilla. Tambià ©n suscribià ³ el Acta de Independencia y formà ³ parte de la primera Junta Consultiva, creada ese mismo dà ­a, en representacià ³n de Nicaragua, su provincia natal....

Romeo and juliet -Tybalt essays

Romeo and juliet -Tybalt essays Romeo and Juliet is a play of two "star crossed lovers" whose houses are at war. This hatred causes a tragic ending, in which Romeo and Juliet both end up dead. This tragedy would never have happened if the two houses had not been fighting. Shakespeare never reveals why these two houses are at war making it seem like it is ages old, and that over time they have forgotten why they were fighting. Shakespeare uses primarily one character to relay this hate to his audience; he uses a fiery, irrational, aggressive, hotheaded young man named Tybalt. Without the constant quarreling between the two houses, Romeo and Juliet would have been free to see each other, which would have made for a boring play. Without Tybalt, Romeo and Juliet would have had a fairy tale ending. When Tybalt is first introduced, he is storming into the middle of a huge battle scene (act 1). While Benvolio tries to stop the fighting between the Capulets and the Montagues, Tybalt fires up the situation by saying, in act I, scene I, line 77-79 "What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. Have at thee coward!" and they begin to fight. This describes Tybalt's character. He disregards Benvolio's wish to make peace; he mocks him, and then explodes in his face, aching for a fight. In this first scene, Shakespeare introduces the aggression between the houses, which is escalated by Tybalt in every scene that he appears in. The next time Tybalt appears, he is at the Capulet's house for a party. When Romeo arrives disguised, Tybalt recognizes his voice and immediately responds to him as an enemy and someone to fight. He fears he is being mocked. In act I, scene V, line 64-66, Tybalt says, " Uncle, this is a Montague, our foe; a villain that is hither come in spite, to scorn at our solemnity this night." While Tybalt sees only a villain, Capulet sees Romeo as an individual, as he s ...

Invasive Species Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Invasive Species - Essay Example Invasive species in certain regions are assumed to threaten the rest of the ecosystem especially those species which have became extinct. It so happens when any specie increases in population it declines the chances of growth for the others. However, this is an assumption as there is no data or researched hypothesis to support these assumptions; extinct species become scarce due to miscellaneous biodiversity factors and due to these their population starts declining in their native regions. Some researchers consider that human interference in the ecosystem has caused this disrupt, either directly or indirectly. Similarly, when ecologist harvested certain species in a foreign environment it also disrupted the biodiversity of the area and numerous species as well. It cannot be exactly claimed what became the cause of threat for extinct species, but there are many unknown factors to humans about the environment and biodiversity of life on Earth. Brown tree snake of Guam is one of the ex ample, which the author discusses in the article. Yet, it is imperial to study the impact of exotic plants, invasive predators and pathogens in a foreign environment as their nourishment and existence will depend on numerous factors in the new environment.Conclusively, it is significant to research, plan, protect, and preserve the extinct species in their native and natural environment as new regions will impact on their growth in an unknown manner and that cannot be ascertained by humans in a rapid manner.

Macroeconomic Objectives of the UK Govenment Economic Policy Assignment

Macroeconomic Objectives of the UK Govenment Economic Policy - Assignment Example This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the framework of macroeconomic policies of the government of the UK. In order to exercise effective administration of the country the government must determine the objectives of its policy. Then the target has to be selected. The next task is to choose the instruments of policy to be used in pursuit of the objectives. Four major economic objectives, that any government should pursue, include low unemployment level, price stability, satisfactory balance of payment position and sufficient sustainable economic growth. In addition to four major economic objectives a government may have other objectives for the economy. These may include a more even distribution income of wealth and a cleaner environment. It is difficult to achieve all four macro economic objectives at a time. Countries rarely experience stable economic growth. Instead they experience business cycles. Periods of rapid economic growth are followed by periods of low growth or even a fall in output. Sometimes, these cycles can be the result of government policy of raising taxes in a recession in order to compensate for falling tax revenues caused by lower incomes and expenditures. Unemployment fluctuates with business cycles. High employment has a number of significant advantages. Most people receive higher incomes from employment than from state benefits. Governments usually not aim for complete price stability but for low and stable rate of inflation. The government also is to ensure balance of payment equilibrium. ... New classical economist refers to the non-accelerating rate of unemployment ( NAIRU). It can also be called the natural rate of unemployment. It is the rate of unemployment which exists when all those who want to work at the going wage rate and who have the appropriate skills can find a job (Storm & Naastepad 2012).  . Whether it is example four percent or 8 percent will depend on a number of factors. These include the gap between paid employment and state benefit, attitudes towards living on benefits, labor market information and skill levels. A government basing its policies on new classical theory would seek to reduce NAIRU by improving the working of the labor market ( Top of Form Fabiani 1998).   Bottom of Form . Furthermore, Governments usually not aim for complete price stability but for a low and stable rate of inflation. Complete price stability or zero inflation would mean that the general price level is not changing. In practice, in a dynamic, growing economy the gener al price the general price level is likely to rise by between 1% and 2% per year. This rise will reflect the buoyancy level of demand and the fact that the quality of goods tends to rise. For example, a television purchased in the year 2013 may be 5% more expensive than one purchased in 2012 but it may also, for instance, have extra channels and give better reception. If the rate of inflation is equal to or below rival countries, the countries can at least maintain its international price competitiveness. If it is stable then firms do not have to guess what wage claims they need to make to maintain their real wages. However, high and accelerating inflation is clearly undesirable. It can reduce a country’s international competitiveness, reduce the real income of some groups, create